The road ahead for UAE manufacturing
28 October 2022
Participants at the closed-door event included 30+ manufacturing stakeholders based in the UAE, such as the Ministry of Industry and Advanced Technology, Ducab and Global Food Industries.
Enabling a flourishing local industrial and manufacturing economy has long been a strategic priority for the UAE.
Since the formation of the federation, the country has successfully built its base in key focus sectors, including metals, petrochemicals, building materials, pharmaceuticals, and high-value downstream processing sectors.
But arguably, the challenges of recent years and the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic have driven home the need to further reduce reliance on imports and to enhance the UAE’s manufacturing competitiveness.
“Fundamentally, many of the things happening in the world are in favour of the UAE’s industries and present many opportunities for success,” said Abdullah Alshamsi, assistant undersecretary, Industry Growth Sector, Ministry of Industry and Advanced Technology (MOIAT).
Speaking at the first MEED-Mashreq Manufacturing Business Leaders Club on 29 September, Alshamsi emphasised the UAE government’s seriousness to bolster its manufacturing sector.
“We have embarked on several changes to make the UAE a more attractive place to do business. Operation 300bn is one such example,” he said. “There is more to come, because industry has become a number one priority for our leadership.”
WATCH: Highlights from the MEED-Mashreq Manufacturing Business Leaders Club
Strategic focus
Introduced in March 2021 as the UAE’s national industrial strategy, Operation 300bn aims to expand the contribution of the sector to the GDP from AED133bn currently to AED300bn by 2031 – by no means an easy feat.
Spearheaded by the MOIAT, the programme will see a greater incorporation of advanced technologies, sustainability, and investments in talent to achieve the overarching goal.
The ministry is working closely with the Emirates Development Bank, which has allocated AED30bn to support priority industrial sectors and finance 13,500 large firms and SMEs over a period of five years.
The ministry is further introducing 17 initiatives – including a national in-country value programme, an updated industrial law, a unified digital platform, and establishing an ecosystem for research and development.
More specifically, the programme will target both established industrial sectors in the UAE, such as plastics, metals and petrochemicals, as well as industries of the future including aerospace and biotechnology; and strategic sectors such as food and healthcare.
“Some of the things we are doing through Operation 300bn include the opening of new markets, made possible through the free trade agreements signed with India, Indonesia and Israel recently,” said Alshamsi. “The UAE’s industries can build on this competitive advantage and enter high-growth markets.”
A crucial part of the programme is ensuring its reputation precedes itself. One way the MOIAT is doing this is through the ‘Make It in The Emirates’ campaign, a comprehensive promotional strategy that invites contributions from investors, innovators and developers to Operation 300bn, and highlights the strengths of the programme.
“The government is open to hearing from industries and to learn how we can make business better,” said Alshamsi. “Open dialogue will help us achieve our goals and ambitions.”
The national in-country value (ICV) scheme meanwhile aims to boost the growth of UAE-based industries by redirecting half of government spending on procurements and tender contracts into the national economy by 2031. In 2021, it redirected more than AED41bn of spend into the national economy.
A concern, however, raised by representatives at the Business Leaders Club is that the ICV scheme hasn’t fully created a level-playing field in many cases because the cheapest bid still wins.
“What you’ve seen of ICV so far was just the first phase,” said Alshamsi. “In the next phase, we’ll relaunch it as ICV, which we hope will be more aggressive and impactful, and will address concerns currently raised by industry players.”
By 2025, the ICV scheme aims to increase the number of ICV-certified companies and spend towards Emirati products and services to AED55bn, from AED33bn in 2020.
Making a case
A question to be raised is – why manufacturing?
Since the oil price crash of 2015-2016, the UAE has increased its efforts to counter economic fluctuations by reducing dependence on oil export revenues.
Manufacturing and industrial growth was quickly recognised as a growth driver. As a sector with easy links to several others – skills, transport, research, services – manufacturing supports a broader segment of the economy.
With the rise of Industry 4.0, manufacturing is benefitting from advancement in technology and innovation, areas that the UAE readily compliments with its own strategic visions.
Several factors are already working in favour of the UAE, many of which have been introduced in recent years. These include 100 per cent foreign ownership of specific businesses; favourable tax environment; long-term visa reforms; dual licensing; and a complementary legal system.
Further supporting the business environment is overall political stability; positive credit outlook; favourable bilateral relations and free trade agreements; and strong infrastructure in areas such as transport, logistics and telecommunications.
But that does not mean the manufacturing landscape is bereft of challenges. Rising competition in the region, especially from neighbouring GCC states has meant that manufacturers in the UAE’s ‘open waters’ have had to reassess their strategic priorities.
At the same time, macroeconomic challenges such as inflation, supply chain delays, rising commodity prices and surging fuel rates are hurting producers and their margins.
“Moving forward, the UAE manufacturing industry can differentiate itself from regional players by being recognised for sustainability, quality and advanced technology,” said Alshamsi. “It’s something in our DNA, something so many other countries lack. This can become a true differentiator for us.”
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Contractor kicks off EPC work on Uthmaniyah gas compression package12 August 2026
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Saudi Arabia-based Saipem Nasser Saeed Al‑Hajri Contracting Company (SNSH) – a joint venture of Italian contractor Saipem and local contractor Nasser Saeed Al‑Hajri & Partners Company for Contracting – has kicked off work on the Uthmaniyah gas compression plant package in Saudi Arabia.
The package forms part of a wider Saudi Aramco project to boost gas compression capacity at the Shedgum and Uthmaniyah processing plants in the Eastern Province.
The Shedgum and Uthmaniyah plants currently receive about 870 million cubic feet a day (cf/d) and 1.2 billion cf/d of Khuff raw gas, respectively. Through the multibillion-dollar project, Aramco aims to increase the compression and processing capacity of both plants, as well as build new pipelines to enhance gas transportation.
Aramco formally awarded the key engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract for the Uthmaniyah gas compression plant package to SNSH in June.
The value of the contract won by SNSH is estimated at $1.24bn, sources previously told MEED. Separately, Milan-headquartered Saipem said its share of the contract is €900m ($1.04bn) and that the EPC works will run for 42 months.
The scope covers the EPC of a new compression plant serving the non-associated Uthmaniyah gas field, Saipem said in its statement. Saipem added that “the new compression plant will extend the production life of the field, helping to support the growing energy demand of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia”.
The contract for the Uthmaniyah gas compression plant package is the first EPC project awarded under Aramco’s National EPC Champion programme, Euronext Milan-listed Saipem said.
Shedgum and Uthmaniyah gas compression project
The Uthmaniyah gas compression plant contract is one of nine EPC packages under the broader Shedgum and Uthmaniyah gas compression project. The packages are:
- Shedgum gas compression facility and SGP in-plant works
- Uthmaniyah gas compression facility and UGP in-plant works
- Shedgum gas compression pipelines package
- Uthmaniyah gas compression pipelines package
- Shedgum and Uthmaniyah central temporary construction facilities
- Shedgum and Uthmaniyah early works site preparation
- Operation and maintenance of Saudi Aramco Project Management Team temporary construction facilities and accommodation
- Shedgum and Uthmaniyah gas compression plant PIA
- Shedgum and Uthmaniyah gas compression plant PSA.
Aramco has awarded package 6 (early works site preparation) to local firm Al-Shalawi International Company Trading & Contracting, sources told MEED.
Aramco is also understood to be in discussions with India’s Larsen & Toubro Energy Hydrocarbon (L&T), among other bidders, for package 1 (Shedgum gas compression facility and SGP in-plant works), sources said.
Separately, Aramco was said to be in negotiations with a consortium of China’s Sinopec and Dammam-based Al‑Qahtani Pipe Coating Industries for package 4 (Uthmaniyah gas compression pipelines). However, the consortium fell short of providing bond guarantees and did not meet other Aramco requirements, leading to its break-up, sources told MEED. Aramco may now open discussions with other bidders for the package.
Meanwhile, Khobar-based Arkad Engineering & Construction has emerged as the lowest bidder for package 3 (Shedgum gas compression pipelines), with Aramco expected to award the contract in June, according to sources.
Contractors submitted bids for packages of the Shedgum and Uthmaniya gas compression capacity expansion project in January, MEED previously reported.
The Saudi energy giant is understood to have started the solicitation of interest process for the main EPC contract tendering exercise in the fourth quarter of 2024.
Aramco subsequently issued the tenders for the EPC packages of the scheme during the second quarter of last year and set an initial bid submission deadline of 17 August.
Aramco then extended the bid submission deadline to 17 November, 7 December, and then to January, according to sources.
In line with its aim of increasing gas production and processing capacity by 80% by 2030, with 2021 as its baseline, Aramco is investing significant capital in gas projects in the kingdom.
Photo credit: Saipem via
READ THE AUGUST 2026 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDFSaudi Arabia builds for the global stage; Rising uncertainty creates fresh set of challenges in the Maghreb; Gulf banks remain robust in the face of geopolitical tensions.
Distributed to senior decision-makers in the region and around the world, the August 2026 edition of MEED Business Review includes:
> WORLD CUP: What the 2026 World Cup means for Saudi Arabia 2034> MARKET FOCUS: Maghreb fortunes diverge> INDUSTRY REPORT: GCC banks prove resilient amid turmoil> LEADERSHIP: Private capital and the GCC infrastructure inflection> INTERVIEW: Developers look beyond standalone solarTo see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click herehttps://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/18366754/main.jpg -
KJO selects contractors for Dorra gas project offshore packages12 August 2026

Al-Khafji Joint Operations (KJO) has selected contractors for two major offshore packages under its multibillion-dollar Dorra field facilities development project. The Dorra gas field is located in the waters of the Saudi-Kuwait Neutral Zone.
KJO – jointly owned by Aramco subsidiary Aramco Gulf Operations Company and Kuwait Petroleum Corporation subsidiary Kuwait Gulf Oil Company – has divided the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) scope for the Dorra gas production project into four packages: three offshore and one onshore.
US-based McDermott International has secured offshore package 2A, valued at about $1.5bn, according to sources.
A consortium of India’s Larsen & Toubro Energy Hydrocarbon (L&TEH) and Italian contractor Saipem has secured package 2B, sources told MEED. Estimated at about $3.7bn, package 2B is the largest of the three offshore EPC packages under the Dorra field facilities project.
MEED reported in March that the L&TEH/Saipem consortium had emerged as the lowest bidder for offshore package 2B.
Contractors submitted bids for offshore packages 2A and 2B by the 9 March deadline, MEED previously reported. Bid validity was understood to expire on 15 August, prompting KJO to issue letters of intent to the selected contractors earlier this month, sources said.
Offshore package scopes
The EPC scope of work on the two offshore packages of the Dorra gas field facilities project is as follows:
Package 2A – Dorra gas field wellhead topsides, flowlines and umbilicals
- Seven gas wellhead platforms or topsides, with production routed to the central gathering platform
- Corrosion-resistant, alloy-lined intra-field flowlines and umbilicals connecting the gas wellhead platforms to the central gathering platform and the auxiliary platform
Package 2B: Dorra central gathering platform complex, export pipelines and cables
- Central gathering platform
- Auxiliary platform
- Dorra accommodation platform
- Flare platform
- Bridge platform
- Pipelines for gas and condensate transmission to each shareholder
- Produced water pipeline from the central gathering platform to Al-Khafji field and from the planned onshore processing facility next to the Al-Zour refinery in Kuwait to Al-Khafji field
- Recovered monoethylene glycol (MEG) pipeline from Al-Khafji field to the central gathering platform
- Control and power system linking Al-Khafji onshore facilities to offshore units
- Offshore central control room at Dorra accommodation platform.
Regarding the first offshore package, MEED reported in October last year that KJO awarded India’s L&TEH a contract estimated at $140m-$150m. Offshore package 1 covers the EPC of seven offshore jackets and the laying of intra-field pipelines.
Separately, KJO is understood to be holding discussions for package 3 with Spanish contractor Tecnicas Reunidas, which emerged as the lowest bidder, as MEED reported in March. Sources said a final client decision on the award is pending.
Onshore package scope
The scope of work on the only onshore package of the Dorra gas field facilities project is as follows:
Package 3: Onshore gas processing facilities
- Buildings to be constructed as part of KJO’s Dorra project onshore package include:
- Dorra control building
- Operator building
- Operations, maintenance and engineering building
- Process interface building
- Onshore 115/69kV substation
- Two gas-insulated substations
- Warehouse
- Maintenance building
- Mosque
- Telecommunications tower radio building
- Beach valve substation at the planned onshore processing facility next to the Al-Zour refinery in Kuwait
- Processing facilities for KJO’s onshore package:
- Produced water receiving and treatment
- Sour water stripping and treated water system
- Rich MEG storage tank
- MEG regeneration and reclamation
- Recovered hydrocarbons system
- Lean MEG storage and supply
- Fresh MEG storage and supply
- Beach valve stations at Al-Khafji and Al-Zour
- Utilities:
- Instrument and plant air system
- Nitrogen generation system
- Diesel storage and distribution system
- Fuel gas system
- Closed drain and slop tank system
- Hazardous area open drains system
- Industrial water system
- Drinking water system
- Flare gas recovery system and a low-pressure flare system
- Fire water system
- Emergency diesel generator
- Sewage treatment
Discovered in 1965, the Dorra gas field is estimated to hold 20 trillion cubic metres of gas and 310 million barrels of oil.
Saudi Arabia and Kuwait have been pressing ahead with their plan to jointly produce 1 billion cubic feet a day (cf/d) of gas from the Dorra gas field.
The two countries have been producing oil from the Neutral Zone – primarily from the onshore Wafra field and offshore Khafji field – since at least the 1950s. With a growing need to increase natural gas production, they have been working to exploit the Dorra offshore field, understood to be the only gas field in the Neutral Zone.
Progress has been hampered by a dispute over ownership of the Dorra gas field. Iran, which refers to the field as Arash, claims it partially extends into Iranian territory and asserts that Tehran should be a stakeholder in its development. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia maintain that the field lies entirely within their jointly administered Neutral Zone – also known as the Divided Zone – and that Iran has no legal basis for its claim.
In February 2024, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia reiterated their claim to the Dorra field in a joint statement issued during an official meeting in Riyadh between Kuwaiti Emir Sheikh Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah and Saudi Crown Prince and Prime Minister Mohammed Bin Salman Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud.
France-based Technip Energies has performed the entire concept study and feed work on the overall Dorra gas field development programme.
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Oman reaches financial close on 120MW wind project12 August 2026
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Oman’s 120MW Jaalan Bani Bu Ali (JBB) wind independent power project (IPP) has reached financial close, according to the consortium developing the project.
The project is being developed by a consortium comprising French firm EDF Power Solutions, Oman’s Al-Khadra Partners and OQ Alternative Energy.
Located in South Al-Sharqiyah Governorate, about 440 kilometres from the Port of Duqm, the project will comprise 16 wind turbines, each with a capacity of 7.7MW.
Commercial operations are expected to begin in the third quarter of 2027. The JBB project is EDF Power Solutions’ first wind project in Oman.
Oman’s Nama Power & Water Procurement (Nama PWP) signed a 20-year power purchase agreement (PPA) to develop, finance, build and operate the project last December.
As exclusively reported by MEED, a consortium of Chinese companies also signed the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract to build the plant that same month.
The consortium comprises China Energy Engineering Corporation, PowerChina, East China Electric Power Design & Research Institute and Hunan Thermal Power, all headquartered in Beijing.
Once operational, the wind farm is expected to generate enough renewable electricity to supply more than 13,500 Omani households annually. It is also expected to avoid more than 270,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions a year.
The project supports Oman’s target of increasing the share of renewable energy in its national electricity mix to at least 30% by 2030. It also supports the country’s Net Zero 2050 target.
In May, Muscat-based Monenco Consulting Engineers won a consultancy contract for a grid station project linked to the Jaalan Bani Bu Ali wind farm project.
The contract was awarded by China Energy Engineering Corporation, the lead EPC contractor for the Jaalan Bani Bu Ali IPP.
The scope includes engineering and detailed design consultancy services for the grid station and associated overhead line linked to the wind farm, which is expected to begin construction by the end of the third quarter.
READ THE AUGUST 2026 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDFSaudi Arabia builds for the global stage; Rising uncertainty creates fresh set of challenges in the Maghreb; Gulf banks remain robust in the face of geopolitical tensions.
Distributed to senior decision-makers in the region and around the world, the August 2026 edition of MEED Business Review includes:
> WORLD CUP: What the 2026 World Cup means for Saudi Arabia 2034> MARKET FOCUS: Maghreb fortunes diverge> INDUSTRY REPORT: GCC banks prove resilient amid turmoil> LEADERSHIP: Private capital and the GCC infrastructure inflection> INTERVIEW: Developers look beyond standalone solarTo see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click herehttps://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/18364806/main.jpg -
Kuwait utilities investment shifts towards water11 August 2026

China State Construction Engineering Corporation recently signed a contract for Kuwait’s North Kabd wastewater treatment plant, the country’s largest wastewater infrastructure project to date.
The award, following more than a decade of planning, propelled Kuwait’s water sector contract awards to more than $4bn as of early August, according to regional project tracker MEED Projects.
The facility will have a treatment capacity of up to 1 million cubic metres a day (cm/d), with the $3.3bn contract covering the design, construction, operation and maintenance of the plant over a 10-year period.
It marks a significant recovery for the sector after several years of subdued activity and the first time since 2020 that annual water awards have exceeded $1bn.
North Kabd is the largest of several major water projects awarded this year, alongside contracts covering desalination and the expansion and rehabilitation of water distribution infrastructure.
Desalination and distribution
These include a $316m contract awarded to local firm United Gulf Construction (UGC) by the Ministry of Electricity, Water & Renewable Energy (MEWRE) for the rehabilitation and expansion of the Doha water distribution complex.
The five-year project includes a new pump station and will add about 130 million imperial gallons of storage capacity, while increasing pumping capacity to 220 million imperial gallons a day (MIGD).
UGC was also selected in February to upgrade the Hawally water distribution complex in Kuwait’s Hawalli Governorate. The facility serves one of Kuwait’s most densely populated governorates, with the project intended to address chronic low water pressure, particularly during peak summer demand, and improve continuity of supply.
The upgrade will increase freshwater storage capacity by 66 million gallons and raise potable-water pumping capacity to 54.5 million gallons a day.
In April, Kuwait’s Central Agency for Public Tenders approved MEWRE’s recommendation to award a $371m contract for phase two of the Doha seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant.
A joint venture of Kuwait-based Heavy Engineering Industries & Shipbuilding Company (Heisco) and India’s VA Tech Wabag will carry out the project, which will have a capacity of about 272,000 cm/d.
Upcoming water awards
Meanwhile, Kuwait’s Ministry of Public Works (MPW) has been progressing several tenders for major water infrastructure projects covering rainwater drainage and treated water systems in the country’s southern and northern regions.
In July, local Combined Group Contracting submitted the lowest bid for a contract to develop a major treated water system in the southern region. The contractor submitted a price of about $515m for the scheme, according to a company disclosure.
For the smaller northern treated water system, Contractor General Trading & Contracting submitted the lowest bid of $169m.
In what is already a standout year for Kuwait’s water sector, further awards could push activity significantly higher. More than $1bn of water projects are currently under bid evaluation, indicating further evidence of a sustained recovery in the months ahead.
Power sector activity
Kuwait’s power sector recorded just $271m of contract awards by early August, according to MEED Projects, putting activity well below recent annual levels.
This compares with a record full-year total of $5.5bn in 2025 and $2.7bn in both 2024 and 2023.
Several large-scale generation projects have been slow to advance, with deadline extensions a notable feature in recent months. The outlook is stronger, however, with these projects now progressing through procurement and significant awards expected in the months ahead.
Kuwait is advancing the 1,800MW Al-Khairan phase one independent water and power project (IWPP), for which two developer consortiums led by Abu Dhabi National Energy Company (Taqa) and Saudi Arabia’s Acwa submitted bids in June.
The project will also include a desalination plant with a capacity of 125 MIGD. A second phase of the Al-Khairan IWPP, estimated at $750m, is understood to include a further 1,800MW of generation capacity through a combined-cycle gas-fired power plant. The project remains in the early development stages, with tendering not expected until at least 2027.
Renewable energy programme
The Kuwait Authority for Partnership Projects (Kapp) is also progressing the Al-Dibdibah power and Al-Shagaya renewable energy programme in partnership with Kuwait’s MEWRE.
The contract to develop the 1,100MW phase three, zone one solar photovoltaic (PV) project is expected to be confirmed soon, with a consortium led by Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company (Masdar) previously reported to be the frontrunner.
A separate 500MW solar PV project is also being procured under phase three, zone two of the same programme, with bids submitted on 26 July. If the contract is awarded by the end of the year, the two Shagaya contracts would add about $2bn to the value of power sector awards.
Another notable development was the 25-year energy conversion and water purchase agreement signed in February for the Al-Zour North IWPP phases two and three. The signing marked a key step towards financial close on the estimated $4bn project. Once completed, the facility will add 2,700MW of power and 120 MIGD of desalinated water to Kuwait’s supply network
The Shagaya, Khairan and Zour North projects form a key part of Kuwait’s generation portfolio. The country is aiming to reach 22,100MW of installed renewable energy capacity by 2030, under a 20-year strategy announced in March 2025 that extends to 2050.
Kuwait is also continuing to invest in existing generation plants. MEWRE is evaluating bids for the $1.7bn upgrade of the Subiya power and water plant, including the conversion of units from open-cycle to combined-cycle operation and the modernisation of existing facilities.
Battery energy storage systems
In the near to medium term, more than $10bn-worth of power projects are under bid evaluation. This includes several battery energy storage system projects with a planned total storage capacity of 1.5GW.
In June, Kuwait approved sites in Al-Mutlaa and Jaber Al-Ahmad cities for the development of the projects. The projects will be implemented in phases, with the first phase providing 500MW of storage capacity. The first facilities are expected to be operational by summer 2027 and will supply stored energy to the electricity grid during periods of peak demand.
Elsewhere, MEWRE continues to evaluate offers from Shanghai Electric Group and local firm Heavy Engineering Industries & Shipbuilding Company (Heisco) for the estimated $400m engineering, procurement and construction contract to rehabilitate and modernise eight boilers at the Subiya power generation and water distillation station. The bid bond validity has been extended to 23 August, indicating that the procurement process remains ongoing.
MEED’s September 2026 report on Kuwait also includes:
> ECONOMY: Kuwait shows tentative signs of economic development
> BANKING: Necessity is the mother of invention for Kuwaiti lenders
> OIL & GAS: Regional war to have lasting impact on Kuwaiti oil sector
> CONSTRUCTION: Kuwait construction holds up despite regional strifehttps://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/18333042/main.gif -
Syrian court gives death penalty to Bashar Al-Assad11 August 2026
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A Syrian court has sentenced former president Bashar Al-Assad to death after trying him in absentia, convicting him of crimes committed during the country’s nearly 14 years of civil war.
It is the first such ruling under Syria’s transitional authorities, who ousted Al-Assad in December 2024 and vowed justice and accountability for crimes committed under his rule.
Al-Assad fled to Moscow as Islamist-led forces closed in on Damascus after a lightning offensive.
In a Damascus court, Judge Fakhr Al-Din Al-Aryan convicted Al-Assad of crimes including “premeditated murder, the intentional killing of more than one person, the intentional killing of children under 15 years … torture, torture leading to death, and deprivation of liberty on multiple occasions” — acts the court classified as crimes against humanity and war crimes.
“He is therefore sentenced to death,” the judge said in his ruling.
The court also sentenced six former military and security officials to death in absentia, including Al-Assad’s brother Maher, who ran the army’s elite Fourth Division and also fled the country.
Those convicted included former defence minister Fahd Al-Freij and Louay Al-Ali, who headed military intelligence in Daraa province in 2011.
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The officials were convicted of crimes including murder, incitement to murder, torture leading to death and repeated deprivation of liberty, also classified as crimes against humanity and war crimes.
Former security official Atif Najib – the only defendant tried in person – was also sentenced to death for crimes against humanity committed while he headed political security in Daraa province, the cradle of the country’s 2011 uprising.
Najib, a cousin of Al-Assad who was arrested in January last year, was convicted of crimes including murder, the intentional killing of children under 15 and torture leading to death.
The acts attributed to him are “crimes against humanity”, the court said as it handed down “the harshest punishment … which is the death penalty”.
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Syria began proceedings in April against Al-Assad and other officials, accused both in person and in absentia of atrocities during the civil war, which erupted after the former authorities’ brutal repression of pro-democracy protesters.
More than half a million people were killed and millions displaced, while tens of thousands disappeared, many into the country’s brutal prison system.
The uprising began in Daraa in March 2011 after 15 students were arrested for allegedly writing anti-government slogans on the city’s walls.
Residents said the students were tortured, prompting protests demanding their release that ended in bloodshed.
Security forces suppressed demonstrations and fired live ammunition to disperse sit-ins at several locations.
Najib was dismissed after the crackdown as protests spread to other provinces.
Judge Al-Aryan said Najib had denied the charges and shown “no remorse”.
Al-Assad took power in Syria in 2000 in an unopposed election following the death of his father, Hafez Al-Assad, who was president from 1971.
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