The region’s most ambitious causeway projects

8 February 2023

 

The submission of feedback questionnaires and meetings with contractors for the planned second causeway connecting Saudi Arabia and Bahrain is the latest sign of potential progress on one of the region’s largest infrastructure projects.

Causeways have a chequered history in the region. The first causeway connecting Saudi Arabia and Bahrain was completed during the 1980s, and since then, it has had a transformative impact on the Bahraini economy. 

The project’s success has inspired other causeways. But while these schemes remain ambitions for many in the region, construction progress has been limited. The hope is that a successful second causeway linking Saudi Arabia and Bahrain will foster the delivery of other longstanding causeway plans.

These are the most ambitious causeway schemes that the region has planned:

 Second Saudi Arabia-Bahrain causeway

The second causeway between Saudi Arabia and Bahrain is the most likely to proceed. Planned by the King Fahd Causeway Authority, the $3.5bn project, which has been called the King Hamad Causeway project, is moving towards construction.

In 2021, senior government officials in Bahrain told MEED that the project was progressing towards tendering as financial studies had been completed.

The project was included in Bahrain’s $30bn Strategic Projects Plan that was announced later in 2021. As well as the causeway, the plan includes building new urban areas on five reclaimed islands to increase the country’s total land area by 60 per cent. It also comprises plans for a new airport.

The second causeway involves building a 25-kilometre road and rail crossing linking Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. It will follow the same alignment as the existing King Fahd Causeway.

It has been earmarked for delivery on a public-private partnership (PPP) basis. The King Fahd Causeway Authority appointed a consortium to provide transaction advisory services in late 2019.

The $8.9m consultancy agreement was signed with a consortium of Netherlands-headquartered KPMG, US-based Aecom and UK-based CMS. The team was tasked with working on developing the financing model, the required engineering specifications and design, as well as helping with the assessment and selection of the project’s developers.

Canada-based SNC Lavalin and UK-based consultancy firm PwC conducted the project due diligence study in 2017.

The existing King Fahd Causeway is operating at capacity. About 11.5 million cars cross the causeway every year, and the growth has been 6 per cent per annum over the past 10 years.

 Qatar-Bahrain causeway

There have also been suggestions that the proposed causeway bridging Bahrain and Qatar may be revived. In March 2022, Manama called for work to restart on the causeway joining the two countries.

“We in the Kingdom of Bahrain renew the call for the start of bilateral talks between the two sides in accordance with the mechanisms agreed upon in the Al-Ula statement,” said Bahrain’s undersecretary for land transportation and post in an official statement published by the official Bahrain News Agency.

The estimated $4bn Qatar-Bahrain causeway project was put on hold and the contracting consortium demobilised in 2010.

A joint venture of state-owned developer Qatari Diar Real Estate Investment Company and French contractor Vinci Construction Grand Projets led the consortium. The other consortium members were Germany’s Hochtief, Athens-based Consolidated Contractors Company (CCC), Dredging International from Belgium and the local Middle East Dredging Company (Medco).

The planned 40km bridge includes a four-lane motor crossing scheduled for completion in 2013 and two railway lines forming part of the GCC rail network.

The project also comprises 22km of bridges and viaducts, 18km of embankments and two 400-metre cable-stayed bridges. The causeway connects Ras Ashairij on the west coast of Qatar to Askar on the east coast of Bahrain.

The project was also known as the Friendship Bridge and was to be jointly funded by the Qatari and Bahraini governments, which intended to recover some of the construction costs by implementing a toll system on the bridge.

The crossing would cut the journey time between the two countries, which currently involves a detour through Saudi Arabia, from five hours to just 30 minutes.

 Saudi Arabia-Egypt causeway

The prospects for the causeway connecting the $500bn Neom project in Saudi Arabia and Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula across the Straits of Tiran improved last year after US President Joe Biden’s visit to Saudi Arabia.

After the visit, a joint communique issued by Washington and Riyadh referred to the development of Tiran Island.

“President Biden welcomed the arrangements by Saudi Arabia to remove the Multinational Force & Observers (MFO) from the Island of Tiran, including the removal of US troops there as part of the MFO mission, while preserving and continuing all existing commitments and procedures in the area,” it said. 

“This area of the Red Sea will now be developed for tourism and economic purposes, contributing to a more secure, peaceful and prosperous region.” 

The US-Egyptian-Israeli-backed MFO was founded in 1981 to oversee the terms of the 1978 Camp David Accords, which included the full Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula.

In 2016, Egypt and Saudi Arabia agreed during a state visit to Cairo by King Salman bin Abdulaziz al-Saud to develop a causeway linking the two countries across the Red Sea. 

The agreement was made as part of a broader deal that would also involve Egypt ceding the sovereignty of the two Tiran islands to Saudi Arabia.

While details of the proposed crossing were never revealed at the time, it was understood to be a revival of a $4bn project announced in 2011. That scheme involved building a 32km crossing stretching over the Straits of Tiran from Ras Humaid in Tabuk, in the northern region of Saudi Arabia, to Ras Nasrani, close to the Egyptian resort of Sharm el-Sheikh.

Plans to link Saudi Arabia and Egypt are far from new. The development of a causeway was first mooted as far back as 1988. However, the idea has received additional focus in recent years following the launch of the Neom development in northwestern Saudi Arabia, which includes Ras Humaid. Part of the Neom scheme, the 170km-long linear city known as The Line, will extend from the promontory inland to the city of Tabuk.

UK-based Arup was reported to have been selected in 2019 for the next stage of the feasibility study for the causeway. 

Saudi Arabia was understood to be considering using a public-private partnership (PPP) model for the scheme, similar to other transport projects planned in and around the kingdom.

 Yemen-Djibouti causeway

A 28.5km causeway was planned to connect Yemen and Djibouti before the scheme was put on hold in 2010 until the governments of both countries signed the framework agreement for the project. The civil war in Yemen means it is unlikely the scheme will make any progress soon.

The estimated $20bn first phase involved building the link between the Yemeni mainland to the island of Perim in the Red Sea. Phase two would have then connected Perim with Djibouti.

The wider project also involves building two cities at each end of the link. The total investment required to construct the cities and the bridge is $200bn.

Dubai-based Al-Noor Holding Investment Company was developing the project.

In 2009, the company said it expected to award a build-operate-transfer contract for the first phase of the bridge and that three companies had expressed interest in funding and building the road and rail link. Denmark’s Cowi prepared the preliminary design for the crossing.

 UAE-Qatar causeway

In 2005, Abu Dhabi and Doha were reported to have been setting up a joint company to oversee the implementation of the proposed UAE/Qatar causeway.

The 40km causeway was expected to start near Sila in Abu Dhabi emirate and extend to the south of Doha.

The estimated $13bn crossing would have significantly cut journey times. At present, traffic between Qatar and the UAE has to pass through 125km of Saudi Arabian territory.

The scheme stalled shortly afterwards. Problems included difficulties with the route, which ran through Saudi Arabian territorial waters.

https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/10571464/main.jpg
Colin Foreman
Related Articles
  • Deadlines extended for Kuwait oil projects worth $2.5bn

    30 July 2025

    Register for MEED’s 14-day trial access 

    Kuwait’s state-owned upstream operator Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) has extended bid deadlines for six vital oil projects, which are estimated to be worth a total of $2.5bn.

    The first contract, estimated to be worth KD292m ($951m), is focused on developing a separation facility in the NK SA/BA Area, close to Gathering Centre 23 (GC-23) and GC-24.

    The scope of the contract also includes a new injection facility at GC-31 and effluent water injection networks in north Kuwait. The project’s latest bid deadline has been set for 5 August.

    The second contract is to develop the planned Mutriba remote boosting facility in northwest Kuwait. It was originally tendered earlier this year with a bid submission deadline of 29 June. The deadline has now been extended to 17 August.

    The project has an estimated budget of about KD130m ($420m) and its scope includes:

    • Development of the Mutriba oil field
    • Installation of the degassing station
    • Installation of manifolds
    • Installation of condensate facilities
    • Installation of wellhead separation units
    • Installation of the pumping system
    • Installation of wellhead facilities
    • Installation of oil and gas treatment plants
    • Installation of a natural gas liquids plant
    • Installation of a water and gas injection plant
    • Construction of associated utilities and facilities

    The onshore Mutriba oil field is located in northwest Kuwait.

    In October 2024, KOC announced that it was preparing to tender a project management contract for a scheme to develop the field.

    At the time, it said four international companies had been invited to participate in the tender process. These were:

    • Schlumberger (US)
    • Halliburton (US)
    • Baker Hughes (US)
    • Weatherford International (US)

    KOC also said that the list of qualified companies could be extended before the invitation to bid was issued.

    The third project, estimated to be worth $100m, is for an effluent water injection network in north Kuwait. The bid deadline has been extended to 5 August.

    Effluent water injection or water flooding is a secondary hydrocarbons recovery technique where produced water is injected into a well’s formation under high pressure and temperature conditions to recover more of the oil initially in place.

    The fourth project is estimated to be worth around $100m and is focused on the construction of a new injection network in north Kuwait that will service the Sabriyah/Bahra (SA/BA) area. Its bid deadline has also been extended to 5 August.

    The fifth project that has had its deadline extended is focused on developing Jurassic Light Oil (JLO) export facilities and upgrading the existing export network.

    The main contract bid submission date for the project, which is understood to have a budget of KD175m ($569m), has been changed to 3 August.

    The project was originally tendered in November last year with a bid deadline of 1 December 2024. Other recent deadlines have included 15 July, 24 June, 27 May, 27 April and 6 April.

    In an announcement in April last year, KOC prequalified up to 15 contractors to bid for these projects:

    • CTCI (Taiwan)
    • Daewoo Engineering & Construction (South Korea)
    • Fluor (US)
    • Hyundai Engineering & Construction (South Korea)
    • Hyundai Engineering Company (South Korea)
    • Hyundai Heavy Industries (South Korea)
    • JGC Corporation (Japan)
    • Larsen & Toubro Energy Hydrocarbon (India)
    • NMDC Energy (UAE)
    • Petrofac (UK)
    • Saipem (Italy)
    • Samsung E&A (South Korea)
    • Sinopec Engineering Corporation (China)
    • Sinopec Luoyang Engineering Company (China)
    • Tecnicas Reunidas (Spain)

    In September 2024, KOC announced a second list of 13 prequalified contractors, with Hyundai Heavy Industries and NMDC Energy removed from the list.

    At the time, KOC said that companies not included on the list could file a complaint against their non-inclusion before the official invitation to bid on the project.

    It is unclear whether more prequalified companies have been added or removed from the list since September.

    The sixth project that has seen its bid deadline extended is focused on developing separation facilities at GC-25 and a water injection facility at GC-30.

    The contract is estimated to be worth KD104m ($338m). In the latest extension, the bid deadline has been set for 10 August.

    Kuwait is in the middle of an upstream projects push, in line with its goal of producing 4 million barrels a day of oil by 2035.

    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/14364081/main4907.jpg
    Wil Crisp
  • Arada awards $16m retail complex construction deal

    30 July 2025

    Sharjah-based real estate developer Arada has awarded a AED60m ($16m) contract to build the Masaar Central project in the Suyouh district of Sharjah.

    The contract was given to the local firm Intermass Engineering & Contracting.

    Masaar Central will serve as the retail hub at the centre of the Masaar project.

    Construction is expected to begin soon, with completion slated for 2026.

    Masaar Central will offer retail, dining, wellness and education facilities over an area of 53,000 square feet.

    In June last year, Arada awarded a AED830m ($226m) contract to Intermass Engineering & Contracting to build 597 units in the Saro cluster of the Masaar project.

    Intermass has previously completed the Sendian cluster, the first residential phase of Masaar, and is currently working on Robinia, Masaar’s third phase.

    Valued at AED8bn, the Masaar scheme includes 4,000 villas and townhouses across eight gated districts, featuring a nature-inspired masterplan with more than 50,000 trees.

    Arada’s new project launches reflect increased activity in the UAE real estate market, where projects worth over $323bn are in execution or planning stages.

    This aligns with a forecast from UK data analytics firm GlobalData, predicting that the UAE construction sector will grow by 4.2% in real terms in 2025, driven by infrastructure, energy, utilities and residential construction projects.


    READ THE AUGUST 2025 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDF

    Gulf heads into a new era of aviation; Maghreb’s resilience rises despite global pressures; GCC banks expand issuance amid demand

    Distributed to senior decision-makers in the region and around the world, the August 2025 edition of MEED Business Review includes:

    > MAGHREB MARKET FOCUS: Maghreb pushes for stability
    To see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click here
    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/14364351/main.jpg
    Yasir Iqbal
  • Contract award nears for King Salman airport runway

    30 July 2025

    Related stories:

    > Middle East invests in giant airports
    > Broader region upgrades its airports
    > Global air travel shifts east


     

    Register for MEED’s 14-day trial access 

    King Salman International Airport Development Company (KSIADC) has received best and final offers (bafos) for a design-and-build contract to develop the third runway at King Salman International airport (KSIA) in Riyadh.

    "Bafos were submitted earlier this month [in July] and the contract is expected to be finalised soon," a source close to the project told MEED.

    It is understood that the third and fourth runways will add to the two existing runways at Riyadh’s King Khalid International airport, which will eventually become part of KSIA.

    In February, MEED exclusively reported that firms had submitted prequalification documents on 18 January for a contract to develop the third runway and taxiways at KSIA.

    KSIADC, which is backed by Saudi sovereign wealth vehicle the Public Investment Fund, received interest from firms in December last year for the package.

    KSIADC previously prequalified firms for the main engineering, procurement and construction packages and early and enabling works, as well as other elements of the construction work. These included specialist systems and integration; materials and equipment; engineering and design; professional services; health, safety, security, environment and wellbeing services; modular installation and prefabrication; local content; and environmental, social and governance (ESG) and other services.

    The entire scheme is divided into eight assets:

    • Iconic Terminal
    • Terminal 6
    • Private aviation terminal 
    • Central runway and temporary apron
    • Hangars
    • Landside transport
    • Cargo buildings
    • Real estate

    In August last year, KSIADC appointed several architectural and design firms for the various elements of the project.

    KSIADC confirmed that it had signed up UK-based Foster + Partners to design the airport’s masterplan, including the terminals, six runways and a multi-asset real estate area.

    US-based engineering firm Jacobs will provide specialist consultancy services for the masterplan and the design of the new runways.

    The client also confirmed the appointment of UK-based engineering firm Mace for the delivery partner role on the project.

    The airspace design consultancy contract was awarded to local firm Nera.

    Mega airport project

    The project covers an area of about 57 square kilometres (sq km), allowing for six parallel runways. It will include the existing terminals at King Khalid International airport, as well as 12 sq km of airport support facilities, residential and recreational facilities, retail outlets and other logistics real estate.

    If the project is completed on time in 2030, it will become the world’s largest operating airport in terms of passenger capacity, according to UK analytics firm GlobalData.

    The airport aims to accommodate up to 120 million passengers by 2030 and 185 million by 2050. The goal for cargo is to process 3.5 million tonnes a year by 2050.

    Saudi Arabia plans to invest $100bn in its aviation sector. Riyadh’s Saudi Aviation Strategy, announced by the General Authority of Civil Aviation, aims to triple Saudi Arabia’s annual passenger traffic to 330 million travellers by 2030.

    It also aims to increase air cargo traffic to 4.5 million tonnes and raise the country’s total air connections to more than 250 destinations. 


    READ THE AUGUST 2025 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDF

    Gulf heads into a new era of aviation; Maghreb’s resilience rises despite global pressures; GCC banks expand issuance amid demand

    Distributed to senior decision-makers in the region and around the world, the August 2025 edition of MEED Business Review includes:

    > MAGHREB MARKET FOCUS: Maghreb pushes for stability
    To see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click here
    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/14363916/main.jpg
    Yasir Iqbal
  • NMDC Energy begins fabrication at Saudi Arabia yard

    29 July 2025

    Register for MEED’s 14-day trial access 

    Abu Dhabi-owned contractor NMDC Energy has started fabrication activities at its new yard in Ras Al-Khair, Saudi Arabia.

    Built at a cost of AED200m ($54.5m), the yard covers 400,000 square metres within the Ras Al-Khair Special Economic Zone in the kingdom’s Eastern Province. It has a production capacity of 40,000 tonnes a year.

    NMDC Energy held a steel-cutting ceremony on 28 July to mark the start of operations at the Ras Al-Khair yard.

    The Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange-listed company inaugurated the facility in mid-January.

    NMDC Energy signed a memorandum of understanding with Aramco to build the facility in 2018, when it was known as National Petroleum Construction Company (NPCC).

    Nine offshore jackets are currently in production for NMDC Energy’s client, Saudi Aramco.

    More than 1,800 employees will be mobilised from Abu Dhabi to the Saudi Arabia yard, NMDC Energy said.

    “The Ras Al-Khair yard is central to NMDC Energy’s Saudi strategy and localisation roadmap. Over the past five years, the company has reinvested billions of riyals into the Saudi economy and is on track to increase its In-Kingdom Total Value Add score to 39% by 2025 and 51% by 2028,” NMDC Energy added.

    ALSO READ: Aramco offshore contract awards set to rebound

    READ THE AUGUST 2025 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDF

    Gulf heads into a new era of aviation; Maghreb’s resilience rises despite global pressures; GCC banks expand issuance amid demand

    Distributed to senior decision-makers in the region and around the world, the August 2025 edition of MEED Business Review includes:

    > MAGHREB MARKET FOCUS: Maghreb pushes for stability
    To see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click here
    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/14359665/main.jpg
    Indrajit Sen
  • Miral moves Harry Potter theme park bid deadline

    29 July 2025

     

    Register for MEED’s 14-day trial access 

    Abu Dhabi’s Miral has extended the bid submission deadline for a tender to build a Harry Potter-themed expansion at the Warner Bros World Yas Island entertainment destination in Abu Dhabi.

    Earlier this month, MEED exclusively reported that the tender for the estimated AED2bn-AED3bn ($545m-$816m) main construction works had been issued to contractors, with bids initially due on 28 July.

    Miral has extended the bid submission deadline until 4 August, according to sources.

    The scope of the Warner Bros World phase two expansion includes adding 40,000 square metres (sq m) to the existing theme park. This will include a Harry Potter-themed zone with three new rides, retail outlets, and food and beverage facilities.

    Enabling works for the project have begun and are being undertaken by local firm NSCC International. Another local firm, Emirates Electrical & Instrumentation Company, is carrying out the early works.

    Canadian engineering firm EllisDon is the project consultant, and French firm Egis is the lead designer.

    According to media reports, the Abu Dhabi project will be the world’s sixth Harry Potter-themed park. The others are in Florida and California in the US, Beijing in China, Osaka in Japan and Leavesden in the UK.

    The Abu Dhabi project was first announced in November 2022.

    Yas Waterworld

    Miral has developed a series of theme parks and other entertainment-related attractions on Yas Island, working with several local and international contractors.

    On 1 July, Miral opened a new 16,900 sq m expansion of its Yas Waterworld park to the public.

    The expansion added 3.3 kilometres of slide sections to the park. The addition of 18 new rides and attractions, bringing the total number of rides to more than 60, is expected to increase visitor capacity by 20%.

    Construction was carried out by local contractor Alec.

    Disney park

    In May, The Walt Disney Company and Miral signed an agreement to build a Disney theme park resort on Yas Island.

    Disney, which is based in the US, said the Abu Dhabi site will be its seventh theme park resort. The others are in California and Florida in the US, Paris in France, Hong Kong and Shanghai in China, and Tokyo in Japan.

    In a statement, Disney noted that the UAE is located within a four-hour flight of one-third of the world’s population, making it a significant gateway for tourism. It is also home to one of the world's busiest airline hubs, with 120 million passengers travelling through Abu Dhabi and Dubai each year.

    The Disney theme park resort in Abu Dhabi will include entertainment areas, themed accommodations, dining venues and retail experiences.

    In 2023, Miral opened SeaWorld Abu Dhabi, also on Yas Island. Alec was the contractor for the estimated $565m project.

    In 2018, Miral opened the Warner Bros theme park on Yas Island. Belgium’s Besix was the contractor for the estimated $531m project.

    Other Miral projects have included the Etihad Arena and the indoor climbing and skydive centre Clymb. Bam International of the Netherlands was the contractor for the arena and Germany’s Zublin was the contractor for Clymb.

    Yas Island was launched as a project in 2006 by local developer Aldar Properties. The original centrepiece attractions were the Yas Marina Circuit, which hosts Formula 1 motor racing’s annual Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, and the Ferrari World theme park.


    READ THE AUGUST 2025 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDF

    Gulf heads into a new era of aviation; Maghreb’s resilience rises despite global pressures; GCC banks expand issuance amid demand

    Distributed to senior decision-makers in the region and around the world, the August 2025 edition of MEED Business Review includes:

    > MAGHREB MARKET FOCUS: Maghreb pushes for stability
    To see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click here
    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/14358463/main.jpg
    Yasir Iqbal