meed-logo

line1 line2 line3
SIGN IN / REGISTER

The region’s most ambitious causeway projects

8 February 2023

 

The submission of feedback questionnaires and meetings with contractors for the planned second causeway connecting Saudi Arabia and Bahrain is the latest sign of potential progress on one of the region’s largest infrastructure projects.

Causeways have a chequered history in the region. The first causeway connecting Saudi Arabia and Bahrain was completed during the 1980s, and since then, it has had a transformative impact on the Bahraini economy. 

The project’s success has inspired other causeways. But while these schemes remain ambitions for many in the region, construction progress has been limited. The hope is that a successful second causeway linking Saudi Arabia and Bahrain will foster the delivery of other longstanding causeway plans.

These are the most ambitious causeway schemes that the region has planned:

 Second Saudi Arabia-Bahrain causeway

The second causeway between Saudi Arabia and Bahrain is the most likely to proceed. Planned by the King Fahd Causeway Authority, the $3.5bn project, which has been called the King Hamad Causeway project, is moving towards construction.

In 2021, senior government officials in Bahrain told MEED that the project was progressing towards tendering as financial studies had been completed.

The project was included in Bahrain’s $30bn Strategic Projects Plan that was announced later in 2021. As well as the causeway, the plan includes building new urban areas on five reclaimed islands to increase the country’s total land area by 60 per cent. It also comprises plans for a new airport.

The second causeway involves building a 25-kilometre road and rail crossing linking Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. It will follow the same alignment as the existing King Fahd Causeway.

It has been earmarked for delivery on a public-private partnership (PPP) basis. The King Fahd Causeway Authority appointed a consortium to provide transaction advisory services in late 2019.

The $8.9m consultancy agreement was signed with a consortium of Netherlands-headquartered KPMG, US-based Aecom and UK-based CMS. The team was tasked with working on developing the financing model, the required engineering specifications and design, as well as helping with the assessment and selection of the project’s developers.

Canada-based SNC Lavalin and UK-based consultancy firm PwC conducted the project due diligence study in 2017.

The existing King Fahd Causeway is operating at capacity. About 11.5 million cars cross the causeway every year, and the growth has been 6 per cent per annum over the past 10 years.

 Qatar-Bahrain causeway

There have also been suggestions that the proposed causeway bridging Bahrain and Qatar may be revived. In March 2022, Manama called for work to restart on the causeway joining the two countries.

“We in the Kingdom of Bahrain renew the call for the start of bilateral talks between the two sides in accordance with the mechanisms agreed upon in the Al-Ula statement,” said Bahrain’s undersecretary for land transportation and post in an official statement published by the official Bahrain News Agency.

The estimated $4bn Qatar-Bahrain causeway project was put on hold and the contracting consortium demobilised in 2010.

A joint venture of state-owned developer Qatari Diar Real Estate Investment Company and French contractor Vinci Construction Grand Projets led the consortium. The other consortium members were Germany’s Hochtief, Athens-based Consolidated Contractors Company (CCC), Dredging International from Belgium and the local Middle East Dredging Company (Medco).

The planned 40km bridge includes a four-lane motor crossing scheduled for completion in 2013 and two railway lines forming part of the GCC rail network.

The project also comprises 22km of bridges and viaducts, 18km of embankments and two 400-metre cable-stayed bridges. The causeway connects Ras Ashairij on the west coast of Qatar to Askar on the east coast of Bahrain.

The project was also known as the Friendship Bridge and was to be jointly funded by the Qatari and Bahraini governments, which intended to recover some of the construction costs by implementing a toll system on the bridge.

The crossing would cut the journey time between the two countries, which currently involves a detour through Saudi Arabia, from five hours to just 30 minutes.

 Saudi Arabia-Egypt causeway

The prospects for the causeway connecting the $500bn Neom project in Saudi Arabia and Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula across the Straits of Tiran improved last year after US President Joe Biden’s visit to Saudi Arabia.

After the visit, a joint communique issued by Washington and Riyadh referred to the development of Tiran Island.

“President Biden welcomed the arrangements by Saudi Arabia to remove the Multinational Force & Observers (MFO) from the Island of Tiran, including the removal of US troops there as part of the MFO mission, while preserving and continuing all existing commitments and procedures in the area,” it said. 

“This area of the Red Sea will now be developed for tourism and economic purposes, contributing to a more secure, peaceful and prosperous region.” 

The US-Egyptian-Israeli-backed MFO was founded in 1981 to oversee the terms of the 1978 Camp David Accords, which included the full Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula.

In 2016, Egypt and Saudi Arabia agreed during a state visit to Cairo by King Salman bin Abdulaziz al-Saud to develop a causeway linking the two countries across the Red Sea. 

The agreement was made as part of a broader deal that would also involve Egypt ceding the sovereignty of the two Tiran islands to Saudi Arabia.

While details of the proposed crossing were never revealed at the time, it was understood to be a revival of a $4bn project announced in 2011. That scheme involved building a 32km crossing stretching over the Straits of Tiran from Ras Humaid in Tabuk, in the northern region of Saudi Arabia, to Ras Nasrani, close to the Egyptian resort of Sharm el-Sheikh.

Plans to link Saudi Arabia and Egypt are far from new. The development of a causeway was first mooted as far back as 1988. However, the idea has received additional focus in recent years following the launch of the Neom development in northwestern Saudi Arabia, which includes Ras Humaid. Part of the Neom scheme, the 170km-long linear city known as The Line, will extend from the promontory inland to the city of Tabuk.

UK-based Arup was reported to have been selected in 2019 for the next stage of the feasibility study for the causeway. 

Saudi Arabia was understood to be considering using a public-private partnership (PPP) model for the scheme, similar to other transport projects planned in and around the kingdom.

 Yemen-Djibouti causeway

A 28.5km causeway was planned to connect Yemen and Djibouti before the scheme was put on hold in 2010 until the governments of both countries signed the framework agreement for the project. The civil war in Yemen means it is unlikely the scheme will make any progress soon.

The estimated $20bn first phase involved building the link between the Yemeni mainland to the island of Perim in the Red Sea. Phase two would have then connected Perim with Djibouti.

The wider project also involves building two cities at each end of the link. The total investment required to construct the cities and the bridge is $200bn.

Dubai-based Al-Noor Holding Investment Company was developing the project.

In 2009, the company said it expected to award a build-operate-transfer contract for the first phase of the bridge and that three companies had expressed interest in funding and building the road and rail link. Denmark’s Cowi prepared the preliminary design for the crossing.

 UAE-Qatar causeway

In 2005, Abu Dhabi and Doha were reported to have been setting up a joint company to oversee the implementation of the proposed UAE/Qatar causeway.

The 40km causeway was expected to start near Sila in Abu Dhabi emirate and extend to the south of Doha.

The estimated $13bn crossing would have significantly cut journey times. At present, traffic between Qatar and the UAE has to pass through 125km of Saudi Arabian territory.

The scheme stalled shortly afterwards. Problems included difficulties with the route, which ran through Saudi Arabian territorial waters.

https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/10571464/main.jpg
Colin Foreman

Register for MEED's guest program now to access this article.

Click here to register
Exclusive from Meed
Related Articles
  • Chinese firm wins Emaar Address Zabeel contract

    17 October 2025

    Beijing-headquartered China State Construction Engineering Corporation has been awarded a contract by UAE-based developer Emaar Properties to build a multi-tower complex in Dubai’s Zabeel area called Address Residences Zabeel.

    The development will comprise four towers offering more than 1,700 one- to four-bedroom residential units, 2,600 square metres of retail space and parking for 2,000 cars. The towers will be 50, 58, 52 and 54 storeys high.

    The project is expected to be completed in 2027.

    The latest contract award from Emaar follows the start of construction activity at the Dubai Square mall, which will be connected to the upcoming Dubai Creek Harbour tower within Emaar's Dubai Creek Harbour development.

    MEED recently reported that Dubai-based contractor Dutco Construction had started mobilising for the main works on the project.

    Dubai’s heightened real estate activity has led to record-breaking announcements from several UAE-based real estate firms. 

    In February this year, Emaar reported a total revenue of AED19.1bn ($5.2bn) in 2024, a 61% increase from 2023. It said it recorded a net profit before tax of about AED10.2bn ($2.8bn), a 20% rise compared to 2023.

    According to data published earlier this year by the Emirates News Agency (Wam), the total value of real estate transactions in the UAE reached AED893bn, with more than 331,300 transactions recorded last year.

    UK analytics firm GlobalData forecasts that the UAE construction industry will register an annual growth of 3.9% in 2025-27, supported by investments in infrastructure, renewable energy, oil and gas, housing, industrial and tourism projects.

    READ THE OCTOBER 2025 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDF

    Private sector takes on expanded role; Riyadh shifts towards strategic expenditure; MEED’s 2025 power developer ranking

    Distributed to senior decision-makers in the region and around the world, the October 2025 edition of MEED Business Review includes:

    > AGENDA 1: A new dawn for PPPs
    To see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click here
    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/14892821/main.jpg
    Yasir Iqbal
  • Chinese company to build tyre plant in Morocco

    17 October 2025

    Chinese tyre manufacturer Shandong Yongsheng Rubber has launched a $675m project to build a tyre factory in Morocco.

    The plant will initially produce 6 million semi-steel radial tyres annually, with plans to gradually increase capacity to 12 million units per year, according to a company statement.

    The tyres manufactured will be primarily destined for export to European, African and American markets.

    Shandong Yongsheng Rubber also plans to capitalise on preferential tariffs offered through Morocco’s free trade agreements with numerous jurisdictions, including the European Union, the US and several West African countries, the company said.

    The factory, to be developed in Morocco’s Diouch province, will produce tyres that meet technical standards for developed markets.

    Preliminary administrative procedures, including regulatory registration, have already been completed for the project.

    Increased investment

    Chinese companies in the automotive sector have increased investments in Morocco and neighbouring Algeria in recent years.

    In August, Chinese automotive interior materials manufacturer Kuntai announced plans to establish a production facility in Morocco through its subsidiary Kuntai Hongjing.

    The project represents a total investment of RMB100m ($13.7m) and will focus on manufacturing car floor mats and carpets for vehicles.

    In March, Great Wall Motor, one of China’s top 10 car manufacturers, announced plans to build its first factory in Algeria, joining other companies in the country, including Fiat, Peugeot and Kia.

    Last November, the Algerian Ministry of Industry & Pharmaceutical Production announced that it had granted permits for six new vehicle manufacturing factories in the country.

    In March 2023, Dutch carmaker Stellantis announced plans to spend more than €200m ($213m) to manufacture several Fiat models in Algeria.

    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/14889877/main.jpg
    Wil Crisp
  • Two cement plants to be built in Egypt

    17 October 2025

    Egypt is planning to issue two new cement plant licences before the end of the year, with the aim of cubing rising prices in the country.

    The two new licences were approved during a recent meeting between local cement producers and Kamel El-Wazir, Egypt’s minister of trade and industry, according to a news report by Asharq Business, which cited an anonymous official.

    “The two permits are expected to be released before the end of the year, with each licence including its own production line,” the official said.

    The two new plants are expected to add 1.5-2 million tonnes a year of production to Egypt’s cement output.

    The cement project approvals from Egypt’s government come amid heightened concerns about the cost of construction projects in the country.

    Importing materials and equipment for projects has become increasingly expensive over recent years due to Egypt’s currency weakening. Over the past 12 months, the price of cement has increased by almost 50%.

    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/14889881/main2139.jpg
    Wil Crisp
  • Kuwaiti contractor submits lowest bid for oil project

    17 October 2025

    Ahmadi-based Spetco International has submitted a low bid of KD88.2m ($288.7m) for the contract to develop the planned Mutriba remote boosting facility in Kuwait.

    The project was originally tendered by Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) earlier this year, with a bid submission deadline of 29 June.

    The deadline was extended several times before three Kuwait-based companies submitted bids.

    The details of the bids submitted for the project are as follows:

    • Spetco International – KD88,209,236 ($288.7m)
    • Combined Group Contracting – KD123,000,000 ($402.5m)
    • Alghanim International General Trading & Contracting – KD129,450,000 ($423.7m)

    The project’s scope includes:

    • Development of the Mutriba oil field
    • Installation of the degassing station
    • Installation of manifolds
    • Installation of condensate facilities
    • Installation of wellhead separation units
    • Installation of the pumping system
    • Installation of wellhead facilities
    • Installation of oil and gas treatment plants
    • Installation of a natural gas liquids plant
    • Installation of a water and gas injection plant
    • Construction of associated utilities and facilities

    The onshore Mutriba oil field is located in northwest Kuwait and is being developed as part of Kuwait’s wider strategy to boost the country’s upstream capacity.

    Commercial output from Mutriba officially began on 15 June this year, after several wells were connected to KOC’s production facilities.

    The field, in a previously undeveloped part of Kuwait, covers more than 230 square kilometres and lies outside the area of fields already operated by KOC.

    In September, Kuwait’s Oil Minister Tareq Al‑Roumi said that the country’s oil production capacity had reached 3.2 million barrels a day (b/d), its highest level in more than 10 years.

    Despite the higher capacity, Kuwait says it will continue to abide by Opec+ agreements and will produce 2.559 million b/d.

    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/14892763/main.png
    Wil Crisp
  • Power market reshapes contractor landscape

    16 October 2025

    Commentary
    Mark Dowdall
    Power & water editor

    Register for MEED’s 14-day trial access 

    The number of UAE-based power projects awarded under the traditional engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) model has fallen to its lowest level in the past decade.

    Admittedly, this does not include the Covid year of 2020, but the point stands. Across the GCC, capital is still flowing into the sector at record levels. What has changed is how that capital is being deployed.

    In a recent analysis, I revealed 2025 to be a record-breaking year, with the UAE’s power market recording its highest annual total for contract awards on record. Yet instead of a broad spread of smaller contracts, governments and utilities are concentrating investment in fewer larger and more complex schemes that are reshaping how the region’s energy systems are built and financed.

    In 2025, a single solar and battery storage independent power project (IPP) in Abu Dhabi accounts for 67% of the country’s total power contract value. EPC contracts, once the mainstay of the market, have been eclipsed by developer-led models as the preferred route for large-scale power generation.

    Saudi Arabia is moving in the same direction, albeit at a different pace. While EPC work remains central to grid expansion, the kingdom’s largest investments are now in utility-scale IPPs backed by the Public Investment Fund.

    In my recent annual ranking of private power developers across the GCC, the surge in power generation capacity owned by Saudi Arabia’s Acwa Power was telling. Not only did the firm’s net equity grow by 70% in a single year, but it now eclipses the combined equity of the other leading developers in the region, a direct result of its dominant role in PIF-backed schemes. These projects, including multi-gigawatt solar and wind developments, are redefining the scale and structure of procurement.

    Behind this shift is a combination of market maturity, financing strategy and energy transition goals. Developer-led projects concentrate capital and risk in fewer hands, streamline procurement timelines and align closely with long-term policy objectives.

    For governments, they deliver capacity without requiring large upfront capital commitments. For developers, they offer stable, long-term returns through secure offtake agreements.

    But this concentration also narrows the field of opportunity. Where dozens of smaller EPC packages once supported a broad ecosystem of contractors and suppliers, today’s market is increasingly revolving around a handful of mega deals.

    Competition is intensifying for fewer projects, and entry barriers, ranging from balance sheet strength to technical capabilities, are rising.

    Smaller EPC contractors, once central to power delivery across the GCC, risk being pushed to the margins. Some will adapt by partnering with larger developers, but others may find fewer opportunities to participate.

    Which takes me back to the UAE. In the water sector, 2026 is already shaping up to be a landmark year, with nearly $31bn-worth of projects in tender. A single project, Dubai’s $22bn Strategic Sewerage Tunnel scheme, accounts for over 70% of this total.

    It will follow a public-private partnership (PPP) delivery model that consolidates the entire scope under one consortium, streamlining delivery. However, this approach significantly reduces the number of prime contracting opportunities, with smaller EPC firms more likely to find themselves competing for limited subcontracting roles rather than leading bids.

    It is important to note that while large-scale projects tend to dominate during major build-out phases, attention inevitably turns to smaller, more distributed schemes.

    However, this alone does not necessarily mean a return to the EPC-heavy landscape of the past. For now, as these large projects set the pace, the region’s energy transition may accelerate, but it will also decide who gets to reshape and build it.

    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/14884161/main.jpg
    Mark Dowdall