Riyadh confirms capital expenditure cuts
7 May 2025

Saudi Arabia has reported a 19% drop in government capital expenditure (capex) during the first quarter of this year compared to the same period last year. Capex spending in Q1 2025 was SR27.8bn ($7.4bn), down from SR34.5bn in Q1 2024.
The Ministry of Finance reported the drop in expenditure in its Quarterly Budget Performance Report for Q1 2025.
The government’s reduction in capex occurred at the same time as a drop in contract awards. According to regional projects tracker MEED Projects, there was a significant reduction in contract awards during Q1 2025.
There were $16.9bn of contract awards in the kingdom during Q1 2025, which includes private and public sector clients – including the Public Investment Fund (PIF) and its subsidiary development companies, as well as public-private partnership (PPP) projects.
The number of contract awards has also declined. According to MEED Projects, there were 108 contract awards during Q1 2025, which is down from 191 during Q1 2024 and 186 in Q4 2024.
Big deals
The largest project deal during Q1 2025 was the $2.2bn PPP deal awarded by Saudi Water Partnership Company (SWPC) to develop and operate the kingdom’s second independent water transmission pipeline (IWTP). The project involves building a 587-kilometre pipeline that can transmit 650,000 cubic metres a day of water between Jubail in the Eastern Province and Buraydah in the Qassim region. A developer team comprising local companies Aljomaih Energy & Water, Nesma Company and Buhur for Investment Company was selected for the project.
Only two other contract awards were valued at over $1bn. Saudi Aramco awarded Larsen & Toubro Energy Hydrocarbon, a subsidiary of India’s Larsen & Toubro Group, a $1.5bn contract to build a large-scale carbon capture and storage hub in Jubail Industrial City.
Gigaproject developer Diriyah Company awarded the other $1bn-plus deal. It awarded a joint venture of local firm El-Seif Engineering & Contracting, Beijing-headquartered China State Construction Engineering Corporation and Qatari firm Midmac Contracting a $1.3bn contract to build the Royal Diriyah Opera House.
The total value of contract awards in Q1 2025 was down by almost half compared to the $33.5bn of contract awards made during Q1 2024. On a quarterly basis, the drop is more than 60% compared to the $42.7bn of contract awards made during Q4 2024.
Budget deficit
For the broader economy, Saudi Arabia ran a deficit of SR58.7bn during Q1 2025, which was fully financed through borrowing, as there were no withdrawals from government reserves.
Public debt increased in both domestic and external components. Domestic debt closed at SR797bn, and external debt closed at SR531.7bn, indicating active debt management strategies to finance the deficit.
Most recently, the National Debt Management Centre announced the closure of its April 2025 issuance under the government’s Saudi riyal-denominated sukuk programme, with a total allocation amounting to SR3.710bn.
The sukuk issuance was structured into four distinct tranches to cater to varying investor needs. The first tranche, valued at SR1.315bn, is set to mature in 2029. The second tranche, amounting to SR80m, will mature in 2032. The third tranche, with a size of SR765m, is scheduled for maturity in 2036, while the fourth tranche, the largest at SR1.55bn, will mature in 2039.
In Q1 2025, total revenues reached SR263.6bn, with oil revenues accounting for SR149.8bn. This signifies a notable 18% decrease in oil revenues compared to the same period in 2024.
Also, oil income in the first quarter of this year accounted for 56% of total government revenues, down from 62% in the same period last year.
The slide in oil revenues is mainly due to lower crude oil prices, with the first quarter average for global benchmark Brent declining by 15% to around $75 a barrel compared to the same period in 2024.
Oil production
Oil production cuts by the Opec+ alliance also led to a fall in oil revenues for Saudi Arabia. The kingdom’s crude output declined by 1% in the first quarter to 8.95 million barrels a day (b/d), according to Opec data.
Saudi Arabia and Russia-led Opec+, however, began unwinding 2.2 million b/d of oil production cuts from April, with the coalition recently announcing a further output hike of 411,000 b/d in June. This move could result in an increased oil market share for Saudi Arabia, bringing in more oil revenues for the kingdom in the second quarter.
Non-oil revenues increased by 2%, reaching SR113.8bn, indicating some success in diversification efforts. Taxes on goods and services and other revenues contributed to this rise.
Total expenditures stood at SR322.3bn, which was a 5% increase on Q1 2024. Although capex decreased, other areas of spending increased.
Social spending
Notably, social benefits saw a significant 28% increase, reflecting the government’s commitment to social welfare programmes. Compensation of employees and use of goods and services also experienced increases.
For sectors, health and social development saw a 19% increase in actual expenditure compared to Q1 2024. This indicates a strong focus on these areas. Public administration also experienced a notable 14% increase.
Sectors such as municipal services and economic resources recorded slight decreases in spending.
The Finance Ministry report also provides insights into the government’s reserves and current account balances, with closing balances of SR393bn and SR91bn, respectively.
MEED’s April 2025 report on Saudi Arabia includes:
> GOVERNMENT: Riyadh takes the diplomatic initiative
> ECONOMY: Saudi Arabia’s non-oil economy forges onward
> BANKING: Saudi banks work to keep pace with credit expansion
> UPSTREAM: Saudi oil and gas spending to surpass 2024 level
> DOWNSTREAM: Aramco’s recalibrated chemical goals reflect realism
> POWER: Saudi power sector enters busiest year
> WATER: Saudi water contracts set another annual record
> CONSTRUCTION: Reprioritisation underpins Saudi construction
> TRANSPORT: Riyadh pushes ahead with infrastructure development
> DATABANK: Saudi Arabia’s growth trend heads up
Exclusive from Meed
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Kuwait signs $16bn oil pipeline infrastructure deal27 July 2026
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Consortiums submit bids for Shagaya zone two plant27 July 2026
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GCC banks prove resilient amid turmoil27 July 2026
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Contractor wins The Chedi residences Dubai contract27 July 2026
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Kuwait signs $16bn oil pipeline infrastructure deal27 July 2026
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Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) has signed a $16bn infrastructure agreement with a consortium comprising Blackstone, Brookfield and KKR to establish a joint venture covering the country’s domestic and export crude oil pipeline network.
Structured as a 20.5-year lease-and-leaseback transaction, the deal covers all 13 of KOC’s crude oil pipelines, spanning about 320 kilometres.
Known as Project Peregrine, the transaction is set to become Kuwait’s largest energy infrastructure partnership and the largest foreign direct investment in the country’s history.
Under the agreement, KOC will retain a 51% ownership stake in the newly formed joint venture, while Blackstone, Brookfield and KKR will collectively own the remaining 49%, with each investor holding an equal share. KOC will maintain full ownership, operation and maintenance of the pipeline system.
The joint venture will lease the pipeline usage rights from KOC and grant the company exclusive rights to operate the network in exchange for a volume-based tariff. The agreement does not affect Kuwait’s authority over crude production or refinery throughput.
The transaction is expected to generate $7.85bn in upfront proceeds for KOC, supporting Kuwait Petroleum Corporation’s capital investment programme, including its goal of increasing crude oil production capacity to 4 million barrels a day by 2035.
KPC deputy chairman and CEO Shaikh Nawaf Saud Al-Sabah said the agreement marks a milestone for Kuwait’s energy sector while preserving state control of critical infrastructure.
“Project Peregrine represents the largest foreign direct investment in Kuwait’s history while preserving full national ownership and operational control,” Al-Sabah said.
The agreement also marks the first time major global institutional investors have committed long-term capital to Kuwait’s midstream infrastructure.
Representatives of Blackstone, Brookfield and KKR said the investment reflects confidence in Kuwait’s energy sector and long-term infrastructure strategy.
The transaction remains subject to customary regulatory approvals and closing conditions.
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Consortiums submit bids for Shagaya zone two plant27 July 2026

At least three consortiums have submitted bids for zone two of the third phase of Kuwait’s Al-Dibdibah power and Al-Shagaya renewable energy project.
The Kuwait Authority for Partnership Projects (Kapp) is procuring the 500MW solar photovoltaic (PV) independent power project (IPP) in partnership with Kuwait’s Ministry of Electricity, Water & Renewable Energy (MEWRE).
According to a source, bids were submitted on 26 July. The bidding consortiums are:
- Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company (Masdar, UAE) / Al-Ghanim International (Kuwait)
- Acwa (Saudi Arabia) / Arabian Engineering Projects Contracting Company (Kuwait)
- EDF Renewables (France) / Al-Kharafi & Sons (Kuwait) / Korea Western Power Company
Kapp issued a tender to develop the project last November. In October 2025, MEED reported that five consortiums and five individual companies had prequalified to participate in the project.
The Al-Dibdibah power and Al-Shagaya renewable energy phase three zone two project is located within the administrative boundaries of Kuwait’s Jahra governorate, west of Kuwait City.
The winning bidder will design, finance, construct and maintain the project.
The zone two scheme is the fourth renewable energy project to be developed under Kuwait’s public-private partnership programme.
Zone one
Kuwait aims to have a renewable energy installed capacity of 22,100MW by 2030 as part of the 20-year strategy announced in March 2025 and ending in 2050.
In July, MEED reported that a frontrunner had emerged for the Al-Dibdibah and Al-Shagaya phase three, zone one contract following the opening of financial bids.
The phase three, zone one IPP will have a total power generating capacity of 1,100MW.
Similar to the zone two project, EY and DLA Piper, together with DNV, are advising the client on the zone one solar IPP.
Separately, Kuwait-based contractor Power Grid Company recently won a KD48.6m ($158.7m) contract to build a 400kV overhead transmission line linking the Shagaya solar energy generation station with Wafra in southern Kuwait.
The transmission line will connect Shagaya to the Wafra (Z) transformer station and is part of the wider Shagaya masterplan. The contract was awarded by MEWRE, with Power Grid one of three firms that submitted bids last year.
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GCC banks prove resilient amid turmoil27 July 2026

Gulf banks are proving adept at navigating the economic and geopolitical turbulence that comes with operating in the region. These skills have come to the fore this year, as regional lenders draw on stable funding profiles and ample capital and liquidity buffers that protect them from near-term credit risks.
GCC banks’ fundamentals have proved remarkably resilient to the Iran-related turmoil, assuming the intensity of the February-April stage of the military conflict does not resume.
There have not been any significant outflows of external funding. While anecdotal evidence suggests some depositors briefly moved funds out of the region at the start of the war, ratings agency S&P Global notes that their return reflects confidence that the war will prove short-lived.
Funding strength
Metrics for the early part of the year revealed a robust picture. Domestic deposits held up strongly in the first quarter of 2026, total GCC domestic deposits rising by 16.9% in year-on-year terms, compensating for the decline in interbank funding.
State-linked deposits grew at a particularly rapid pace, led by the UAE and Kuwait, which offset decelerating private-sector deposit growth in those countries.
Domestic deposits accelerated in April, a pointer to GCC governments’ proactive stances in shielding their banking systems from undue stress. The inflow of public deposits accelerated quite significantly in this period, although that pace will likely subside as conditions gradually normalise.
Such deposits continue to underpin GCC banks’ wider performances. “Funding and liquidity is generally a strength for the region. Government deposits typically make up 20%-30% of the banking sector deposits. That is really important as these are sticky deposits,” says Redmond Ramsdale, head of Middle East ratings at Fitch Ratings.
Funding and liquidity is generally a strength for the region
Gulf states’ heavy reliance on public sector and government-related deposits has proved valuable in the current environment, anchoring banks’ funding profiles and helping reduce potential risks.
Fund outflows have not materialised to any significant degree. “We had some anecdotal evidence of funds being withdrawn, but they returned in the following weeks,” says Ramsdale.
Solid fundamentals
GCC banks entered the conflict period in strong shape. According to S&P, domestic private sector credit growth in the region remained robust in the first quarter – the annualised growth rate was 8% at the end of March.
Core capital buffers are about 15%-16% – higher still for the top lenders – ensuring total loss-absorbing capacity stays below 9% of equity. Regulatory ratios exceed relevant thresholds, providing a significant buffer, according to ratings agency Moody’s.
“If you look at the whole region, the proportion of the lending book that is non-performing, on a weighted average basis, sits around 2%,” says Badis Shubailat, a senior analyst at Moody’s.
“Against this solid level of asset quality, you have a cushion of provisions for expected losses that more than covers the existing stock of problem loans, which provides a strong first line of defence.”
Then, as a second line of defence, are core capital buffers that remain high by global standards, with levels around 15%-16%. Put together, this explains why the banks are sitting on comfortable positions in terms of loss-absorption capacity.
At the end of Q1 2025, the top 45 GCC banks reported an average Tier 1 capital ratio of 17%, with coverage ratios of 155.8%, according to S&P.
“Credit losses are at historical lows of 50 basis points (bps) for the region, and there are very good provisioning buffers – all of which helps to mitigate the negative consequences of the expected asset quality deterioration,” says Tatjana Lescova, director and lead analyst at S&P.
According to Shubailat, the fact that the conflict impact on GCC banks has not been as pronounced as on other sectors reflects that over the past three years – and until right before the conflict started – the region as a whole, and its banking systems, had demonstrated remarkable resilience. In contrast, major advanced economies were struggling with inflationary pressures and subdued economic growth.
“This was visible in Saudi Arabia and the UAE, the two largest economic diversification engines in the region, which happen to also represent more than two-thirds of total banking system assets,” says Shubailat.
Limited exposure
Gulf banks have also been helped by the fact that those economic sectors most impacted by conflict – tourism, hospitality, energy – do not generally form a large part of their collective loans books.
“There will be weaker performance of borrowers in the most obvious affected sectors like infrastructure, tourism, logistics, transport and real estate, but tourism is actually a pretty small exposure for the banks – less than 3% of loan books,” says Ramsdale. “There might be a bit of pressure on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which are less able to cope with the pressures than the larger corporates, but again, for banks, SME lending is not very big.”
Banks’ exposure to the real estate and construction sectors is highest in Qatar – 31% of total credit at the end of March – while the exposure in Kuwait stands at 25%, with Saudi Arabia at 16% and Bahrain at 12%, notes S&P. UAE banks have been consistently reducing their exposure to these sectors, down to 13% at the end of March, compared to 21% at year-end 2020.
Moody’s Shubailat says that developers in the UAE sit on solid balance sheets and strong revenue backlogs, while banks’ exposure to the construction sector has declined. “So the quantum is lower, the credit quality of the exposure is better, and the banks are sitting on higher capital and provisioning buffers,” he notes.
Gulf bankers are not resting on their laurels. They know that even if bad loans have been limited, they cannot forestall the possibility of problem exposures further down the road.
“Asset quality deterioration is a risk that we expect to materialise later in the year. This is because of weaker macro expectations, and negative impact on some of the corporate sectors, albeit varying across different GCC countries,” says Lescova.
On average, for the region, S&P expects 20 bps of increases in credit losses for this year. When it comes to asset quality, the regulatory forbearance measures announced by three central banks will help alleviate the impact.
Policy support
Central bank moves have added another layer of support. Forbearance measures from the UAE, Kuwait and Qatar central banks have allowed additional headroom.
For example, in mid-March, the Central Bank of the UAE launched a five-pillar resilience package that relaxed capital buffer stipulations, representing more than $272bn in support.
Kuwait eased liquidity requirements, raised maximum lending limits and released a portion of the capital conservation buffer to expand refinancing and credit quality absorption capacity. Qatar, meanwhile, has cut the reserve requirement from 4.5% to 3.5% for deposits.
Forbearance measures from the UAE, Kuwait and Qatar central banks have allowed additional headroom
Such measures were not a response to a banking crisis, says Ramsdale. “Some of the support packages that we have seen coming out of the central banks, in the UAE, Qatar and Kuwait, were preventative support measures,” he says.
“They were designed to boost confidence and limit that pass through from temporary deposit volatility. It was not to do with acute banking stress.”
Market confidence
Larger banks are better positioned to cope with straitened economic times. They are generally more geographically diversified beyond their domestic markets, and international operations have historically been a growth driver for them.
“When there is increased market uncertainty, larger banks may benefit from a flight-to-quality movement, with deposits moved away from smaller banks. Based on Q1 results, only a few smaller banks have reported a contraction in the customer deposits,” says Lescova.
The GCC’s largest banks, including Al-Rajhi Banking & Investment Corporation, Saudi National Bank, First Abu Dhabi Bank, Qatar National Bank, Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank and Emirates NBD, remain highly profitable, although they may not perform as strongly as they would have had the conflict not occurred.
“We already expected some softening in profitability before the conflict, because of the normalisation of the cost of risk upwards from incredibly low levels over the last three years, [which] were driven by a very strong recovery performance from the banks,” says Shubailat.
“In turn, this current situation adds a layer of pressure to the normalising profitability story by increasing provisioning needs in light of the recent economic shocks,” he adds.
Confidence in GCC banks was evident from the outset of the conflict. In early April, Emirates NBD priced a $750m AT1 capital issuance, the first international debt capital markets transaction by a GCC issuer since late February.
“The first ceasefire saw things like private placements start happening again, and that slowly translated into the opening up of public markets.
“Emirates NBD was one of the first banks to open up that market, and we are seeing the largest banks issuing again,” says Ramsdale.
The operating environment for Saudi Arabia is ranked BBB+ – a strong position, all things considered. Ramsdale notes that Riyadh’s reprioritisation of large projects associated with Vision 2030 “means growth will probably be slightly slower in Saudi Arabia”, but adds: “That is actually a good thing, because growth was so strong it was beginning to pressure funding, liquidity and capitalisation.
“Taking off some of that pressure is a positive for banks.”
Growth prospects
Stronger earnings performances will allow banks to bankroll mergers and acquisitions (M&A), building on inorganic routes to growth. Within the past year, the National Bank of Bahrain and Bank of Bahrain & Kuwait (BBK) have agreed to explore a merger, while BBK has also absorbed HSBC’s retail banking business.
Emirates NBD is reported to be looking to acquire HSBC’s business in Turkiye, a country where the Dubai bank already has a presence through its takeover of DenizBank in 2019. It also grew its stake in India’s RBL Bank this year to 60%.
“Certainly the big banks will remain opportunistic over M&A – where the value comes at the right price, then they are interested. And if the big international banks are going to pull out, they tend to have some of the best-quality assets, so you can understand why regional players might be interested in them,” says Ramsdale.
Such moves should provide reassurance that, despite recent challenges, GCC banks are well placed to ride out the remainder of 2026 and resume the positive trajectory that was evident before the Iran war shook the region.
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Saudi Arabia issues RFQ for third round of gas-fired IPPs27 July 2026

Saudi Power Procurement Company (SPPC) has issued the request for qualifications (RFQ) for the third round of its combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) independent power producer (IPP) programme.
According to the documents, the deadline for developers to submit statements of qualification is 16 August.
SPPC expects to issue notices of prequalification on 11 September, after which request for proposals documents will be issued to qualified applicants.
The latest date for the submission of clarification questions is 9 August.
The RFQ covers future CCGT IPPs, although the document does not specify the number, locations or capacities of the projects.
Earlier in July, MEED reported that Saudi Arabia had begun qualification for CCGT plants to be built with provision for future carbon capture units.
The projects will comprise new CCGT plants developed on a build-own-operate basis. Each project will be implemented through a special-purpose project company wholly owned by the successful bidder.
The project companies will sell the entire capacity and output of the plants to SPPC under 25-year power-purchase agreements starting from the respective commercial operation dates. SPPC will be responsible for dispatching electricity from the plants.
The plants will use advanced H-class or J-class gas turbine technology. Each IPP is expected to comprise two or three gas turbine generators, corresponding heat recovery steam generators with duct firing, and one or two steam turbine generators.
Natural gas will be the primary fuel, with diesel used as a backup. SPPC will be responsible for supplying both fuels under the power-purchase agreements.
CCGT IPP programme
SPPC said the procurement marks the next stage of its CCGT IPP programme.
The first four projects comprise Taiba 1, Taiba 2, Qassim 1 and Qassim 2, with a combined capacity of 7,200MW.
The second group comprises Rumah 1, Rumah 2, Nairyah 1 and Nairyah 2, also with a combined capacity of 7,200MW.
All eight plants are under construction, with Qassim 1 and Taiba 1 expected to reach commissioning in 2028.
Developers that were prequalified as financial or technical members for the Rumah and Nairyah projects can request to maintain the same qualification for the upcoming CCGT projects. They must submit the request and updated financial information by the 16 August deadline.
For new applicants, financial members must have reached financial close on at least two non-recourse IPP, IWPP, IWP or ISTP projects since January 2010. At least one must have involved senior debt of $500m or more. Applicants must also have a minimum net worth of $350m.
Technical members must demonstrate development experience on at least two conventional energy IPPs with a combined capacity of 2,000MW since January 2016. They must also have ownership experience on at least two such projects totalling 3,000MW and relevant operations and maintenance experience.
US/India-based Synergy Consulting is the financial adviser for the procurement, Germany’s Fichtner is the technical adviser and UK-headquartered Eversheds Sutherland is the legal adviser.
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Contractor wins The Chedi residences Dubai contract27 July 2026
Dubai-based firm Ancient Builders Constructions has won a contract to build The Chedi Private Residences, located in the Barsha Heights area near Sheikh Zayed Road.
The contract was awarded by local developer Al-Seeb Real Estate Development.
The project comprises a 250-metre-tall, 44-storey tower and will offer about 117 residential units upon completion.
Enabling works are under way and are being undertaken by local firm Soiltec Piling & Foundation.
Dubai-based High Art Engineering Consultancy is the project consultant.
Local architectural firms Bruno Guelaff and BG Group are the project designers.
Construction is expected to be completed by 2029.
Al-Seeb Real Estate Development’s latest contract award in the UAE market comes amid heightened real estate activity in the construction sector. Schemes worth more than $323bn are in the execution or planning stages, according to UK-based analytics firm GlobalData.
GlobalData forecasts that output from the UAE’s residential construction sector will grow by 3% in real terms over 2026-29, supported by infrastructure, energy and utilities developments, as well as residential construction projects.
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