Regional downstream sector prepares for consolidation
30 December 2024

The Middle East and North Africa (Mena) region’s midstream and downstream oil, gas and petrochemicals sectors together had one of their best years on record in 2024, with state-owned companies and private players collectively spending close to $38bn on projects.
Saudi Arabia emerged as the biggest regional spender on midstream and downstream projects. To address incremental volumes of gas entering the grid as Saudi Aramco increases its conventional and unconventional gas production, the state enterprise has spent more than $17bn on gas processing and transportation projects this year.
In April 2024, Aramco awarded $7.7bn in engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contracts for a project to expand the Fadhili gas plant in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The project is expected to increase the plant’s processing capacity from 2.5 billion cubic feet a day (cf/d) to up to 4 billion cf/d.
On 30 June, Aramco awarded 15 lump-sum turnkey contracts for the third expansion phase of the Master Gas System (MGS-3), worth $8.8bn. Then, in August, the company awarded contracts for the remaining two packages of the MGS-3 project, which were worth $1bn.
Saudi Aramco divided EPC works on the MGS-3 project into 17 packages. The first two packages involve upgrading existing gas compression systems and installing new gas compressors. The 15 other packages relate to laying gas transport pipelines at various locations in the kingdom.
The Master Gas System expansion will increase the size of the network and raise its total capacity by an additional 3.15 billion cf/d by 2028 with the installation of about 4,000 kilometres
of pipelines and 17 new gas compression trains.
Abu Dhabi capex
The UAE has been the second-largest spender on midstream, downstream and chemicals projects in 2024, led by investments from Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (Adnoc) and Taziz – its 60:40 joint venture with industrial holding entity ADQ.
Adnoc’s biggest capital expenditure (capex) was in the form of a $5.5bn EPC contract that it awarded to a consortium of France’s Technip Energies, Japan-based JGC Corporation and Abu Dhabi-owned NMDC Energy to develop a greenfield liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal complex in Ruwais.
The upcoming Ruwais LNG export terminal will have the capacity to produce about 9.6 million tonnes a year (t/y) of LNG from two processing trains, each of which has a capacity of 4.8 million t/y. When the project is commissioned, Adnoc’s LNG production capacity will more than double to about 15 million t/y.
Adnoc Group subsidiary Adnoc Gas has also advanced a project to expand its sales gas pipeline network across the UAE, which is known as Estidama. The Abu Dhabi-listed company has awarded two EPC packages of the project this year, which together were worth more than $500m.
Adnoc Gas is expected to award the contract for another Estidama package before the end of 2024 that covers the construction of a pipeline that will provide feedstock from its Habshan gas processing plant to the upcoming Ruwais LNG complex.
Taziz, meanwhile, awarded three EPC contracts totalling $2bn for infrastructure works at the industrial chemicals zone that it is developing in Ruwais Industrial City.
Spending to plateau
Having reached a peak in spending, and with EPC contracts awarded for strategic midstream, downstream and chemicals projects in 2024, the Mena region is set to enter a period of more pragmatic project spending in 2025. However, this does not imply that a slump in project capex is likely, and the region could once again equal the level of contract awards made in 2024.
One of the largest projects that may be awarded in 2025 is the main contract for the North Field West LNG project – the third phase of QatarEnergy’s LNG expansion programme.
The North Field West project will have an LNG production capacity of 16 million t/y, which is expected to be achieved through two 8 million t/y LNG processing trains, based on the two earlier phases of QatarEnergy’s LNG expansion programme.
The new project will draw feedstock for LNG production from the western zone of Qatar’s North Field offshore
gas reserve.
Taziz is also on course to make progress with the second expansion phase of its derivatives complex, which will more than double the number of chemicals produced at the industrial hub. The expansion’s centrepiece will be a large-scale steam cracker that will supply feedstocks to the several new chemical plants earmarked for third-party investments.
In Saudi Arabia, there has been speculation that Aramco may be revisiting its investment strategy and execution approach for its strategic liquids-to-chemicals programme.
The aim of the programme is to derive greater economic value from every barrel of crude produced in the kingdom by converting 4 million barrels a day (b/d) of Aramco’s oil production into high-value petrochemicals and chemicals feedstocks by 2030.
Aramco has divided its liquids-to-chemicals programme into four main projects. It took a major step forward
in September 2023 by selecting US firm KBR, France’s Technip Energies, UK-based Wood Group and Australia- headquartered Worley to provide project management consultancy services for the four different segments of the scheme.
Progress on a programme as big as the liquids-to-chemicals scheme is expected to be measured and laboured.
While day-to-day the advancement might appear sluggish, Amin Nasser, Aramco’s president and CEO, said earlier in 2024 that the Saudi energy giant is on track to achieve its crude oil-to-chemicals conversion goal by 2030.
“We are on track to achieve our target of 4 million b/d liquids-to-chemicals [conversion capacity] by 2030,” he said.
Meanwhile, Kuwait is in a similar situation with its planned Al-Zour integrated complex upgrade programme (Zicup), which has suffered significant delays in recent years. However, state-owned Kuwait Integrated Petroleum Industries Company (Kipic), the project’s operator, recently appointed a team to look into the logistics of developing a benzine pipeline as part of the estimated $10bn Zicup scheme.
Although this may be a small step, it does indicate that Kuwait remains determined to achieve its ambition of developing a large-scale petrochemicals facility, which, when integrated with its $16bn Al-Zour refinery, could become one of the biggest integrated refining and petrochemicals complexes in the Mena region.

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Billions of dollars’ worth of deals were announced at the Leap technology conference in the Saudi capital in late August and early September – a welcome fillip for an economy that is struggling to deal with the effects of the Iran war.
Among the biggest deals unveiled at the Riyadh Exhibition & Convention Centre were a $1.2bn investment in data centres by the local Al-Moammar Information Systems and an $880m commitment from NHC Innovation to develop data centres in Khuzam Digital Valley, to the north of the capital. There were numerous other, smaller financing commitments around cloud services, artificial intelligence (AI), and research and development centres.
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Economic strains
The wider economic picture is, however, far more mixed. Figures issued by the General Authority for Statistics in mid-August revealed a 4.8% contraction in GDP in the second quarter of the year, compared with the same period a year earlier. The decline was driven by a 25% contraction in the oil sector.
Hydrocarbons remain the central pillar of the Saudi economy, and the Iran war has placed it under enormous pressure, with exports through the Strait of Hormuz difficult – if not impossible – for much of the past six months. The alternative route via the Red Sea has its own difficulties, thanks to Houthi attacks on shipping around the Bab El-Mandeb strait. As a result, Saudi oil cargoes heading to Asia are being diverted via the Suez Canal and around Africa – a route that adds weeks to the journey.
Lower oil revenues weaken the state’s fiscal position and are leading to larger budget deficits, which need to be funded through other means. On 1 September, the National Debt Management Centre (NDMC) announced it had sold $3.25bn-worth of sharia-compliant bonds (sukuk) to international investors. It said it had received orders for $16.5bn, indicating there remains strong appetite among overseas buyers.
In May, the NDMC said it had secured around 90% of the government’s funding needs for the year, even before the euphemistically named “geopolitical events” had broken out. It added at the time that, should additional financing be needed, it would turn to “private channels and local markets” as the main funding sources, while also monitoring international markets to see if “favourable opportunities arise”.
One positive element amid the gloom is that the non-oil private sector has proved relatively resilient and has continued to grow for most of the time since the war began in late February. The purchasing managers’ index (PMI) survey compiled by Riyad Bank shows the non-oil sector expanded each month from April to August. Reviewing the latest PMI data, Naif Al-Ghaith, chief economist at Riyad Bank, said it expected the Saudi non-oil economy to “maintain solid growth momentum through the second half of the year”.
However, there are warning signs. Job creation is relatively weak, and business confidence is fragile: in the August PMI survey, only one in five respondents said they expected increased activity over the next 12 months.
Other data points offer further reasons for caution. Saudi bank deposits fell slightly in July to SR3.11tn ($820bn) – the first drop since October last year – according to data from the central bank.
Exports are also struggling due to higher transport costs. Saudi Arabia’s total exports were 10% lower in the second quarter of the year than in the first. The government is reportedly weighing a scheme to reduce insurance costs for shipping companies in an effort to bolster exports, but Oxford Economics said it expects the kingdom’s exports “to remain weak through the rest of this year”.
Perhaps the biggest risk is uncertainty. The Iran conflict was relatively muted through much of August, but flared again in early September when Tehran and Washington exchanged fire. Saudi Arabia has not suffered as many hits from Iranian missiles as Bahrain, Kuwait or Jordan, but that could change.
Investor test
Against that backdrop, the push for economic diversification is as strong as ever. The Leap technology conference in August offered a sense of how things could develop. The Future Investment Initiative (FII) event in October will provide another litmus test of international investor appetite.
Riyadh is trying to build momentum ahead of the event, releasing a list of speakers in late August that included BlackRock chief executive Laurence Fink, Goldman Sachs chief executive David Solomon and JPMorgan Chase chief executive Jamie Dimon.
The past nine editions of FII have been a stage for billions of dollars in investment pledges – more than $50bn-worth of agreements were announced at last year’s event – but none has taken place against such a difficult geopolitical and macroeconomic backdrop. Riyadh’s policymakers will be hoping investors can look past the current crisis and provide further fillips for the economy.
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Saudi construction defies the headwinds7 September 2026

Despite a geopolitical backdrop that has unsettled contractors and financiers alike, Saudi Arabia’s construction sector is on course for one of its strongest years on record.
Contract awards in the kingdom’s construction sector hit $20bn in the first half of 2026, comfortably outpacing the $15bn recorded over the same period in 2025 and the roughly $17bn seen in the first half of 2024. These figures suggest that whatever recalibration the market has been going through, momentum is building again rather than fading.
The rebound is notable given the conditions in which it is occurring. The conflict in the Gulf that began in February introduced a fresh layer of risk into investment decision-making, at precisely the moment the kingdom is trying to attract private capital into its construction sector.
The major construction contracts awarded this year – including the Ministry of Defence headquarters, Rua Al-Madinah superblock 5, the Qiddiya racecourse, Qiddiya National Tennis Centre and Diriyah Waldorf Astoria superblock – suggest that awards have accelerated rather than stalled. This says as much about the underlying resilience of Saudi Arabia’s building programme as it does about the discipline with which it is now being managed.
Procurement pivot
The scale of the turnaround is easier to appreciate against the market’s recent trajectory. Construction contract awards fell 31% in 2025, dropping to $31bn from $45bn the year before, according to regional project tracker MEED Projects.
That contraction followed the boom years of 2021-24, when the Public Investment Fund (PIF) and its gigaproject subsidiaries drove aggressive, broad-based growth across its five official gigaprojects and a raft of other Vision 2030 schemes.
But 2025’s slowdown turned out to be a defining pivot. With the Finance Ministry projecting a budget deficit of SR165bn ($44bn) for 2026, Riyadh moved deliberately away from the scattergun procurement of the boom years and towards event-driven programmes with fixed deadlines: the 2034 Fifa World Cup, Expo 2030 Riyadh, and non-negotiable housing, healthcare and education commitments.
The postponement of the 2029 Asian Winter Games at Trojena, along with the scaling back of The Line and the Mukaab, showed that even flagship gigaprojects are no longer immune to scrutiny. The H1 2026 figures suggest that this prioritisation exercise is now paying off, translating into a leaner but faster-moving pipeline of awards.
Private delivery
Central to the sector’s next phase is what PIF officials have termed ‘escape velocity’: the point at which real estate, tourism and social infrastructure are mature enough for private capital to take over primary funding and delivery, freeing PIF to focus on enabling rather than financing.
That shift was formalised in April, when PIF’s board, chaired by Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman, approved the fund’s 2026-30 strategy.
While the 2021-25 phase was defined by rapid capital deployment and the launch of the gigaprojects, the new roadmap explicitly pivots towards value creation, investment efficiency and greater private sector participation, with PIF positioning itself increasingly as a platform creator and catalyst rather than the primary financier of every scheme.
For construction, the implication is that the state is not stepping back from the transformation agenda, but expects the private sector – and public-private partnership (PPP) structures in particular – to carry a growing share of the delivery load.
MEED’s coverage this year has tracked the expanding PPP pipeline overseen by the National Centre for Privatisation & PPP (NCP), which has around 200 projects in the pipeline worth roughly $190bn, spread across 17 sectors.
Recent examples bear this out, including the State Properties General Authority and NCP tendering the Quality Valley Riyadh scheme, a 32-year mixed-use concession that drew expressions of interest from 59 firms.
Elsewhere, the NCP is advancing a PPP to rehabilitate, operate and maintain 50 public parks across the Eastern Province, Jeddah and Medina. It has also selected preferred bidders to develop residential buildings at various land ports across the kingdom.
Tendering has also started for the King Fahd suburb boulevard project in Dammam on a 43-year concession, and for the construction and operation of the Umm Al-Qura University Hospital in Mecca. Each of these projects is a marker of how far the model has extended beyond its traditional water and power roots.
Market outlook
For all the momentum of the past six months, the more striking number may be the one still ahead. MEED Projects data puts the value of construction projects in Saudi Arabia’s pipeline at more than $400bn, underscoring how much of the kingdom’s Vision 2030 build-out remains unawarded.
Of that, around $65bn-worth of projects are currently at the bidding stage, a substantial near-term opportunity for contractors and PPP developers positioning themselves now.
The longer-term picture is arguably more compelling still. As the private sector’s share of funding grows and PPP structures extend into new sectors, Saudi Arabia’s construction industry is being reshaped from a state-financed, volume-driven business into a more diversified, investment-grade market – one in which the $400bn still sitting in the pipeline represents a long runway of opportunity for contractors.
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