Process technology adoption is poised for growth
27 March 2024

Process technologies have played a pivotal role in the oil, gas and petrochemicals industries for decades. Now, the global energy industry, and the oil and gas sector in Middle East and North Africa (Mena) in particular, is at a turning point and needs to rely on the adoption of licensed technologies to be able to transition effectively.
The energy transition is gathering pace in the region. Oil and gas producers are increasingly investing in environmental sustainability projects and exploring new frontiers such as carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) and hydrogen, while the petrochemicals industry is making sweeping changes to its operations in light of its growing importance in the modern economy.
As a result, the stage is set for swift and comprehensive adoption of process technologies in the Mena region's oil, gas and petrochemicals industries.
Germany-headquartered Linde Engineering is eager and prepared to meet the evolving and complex needs of its customers, according to John van der Velden, the company's senior vice president of engineering, sales and technology.
“Hydrogen and efficient carbon dioxide (CO2) capture are the future of the energy transition, and our goal is to ensure that the GCC has the technology it needs to shape this opportunity to decarbonise the petrochemicals industry,” he tells MEED.
“We also recognise effective ammonia cracking technology is the missing link in the hydrogen value chain. We are working with Saudi Aramco to develop a new process to convert ammonia back to hydrogen efficiently and at scale.
“The technology will be based on Linde Engineering’s steam reformer technology and will incorporate developments from both companies. As part of this collaboration, we will build a demonstration plant in Germany."
The plant will “support market development in Europe for blue and green ammonia”, Van der Velden says, adding: “We have established ourselves a partner for the entire hydrogen value chain, and we are interested in investing in projects in the Mena region.”
Linde Engineering has opened a research and development centre in Saudi Arabia’s Dhahran Techno Valley in collaboration with US oil field services provider SLB. The facility “focuses on aspects of CO2 capture, transportation and storage”, Van der Velden says.
He is also optimistic about opportunities in the blue hydrogen domain. “We are at the beginning of the growth curve and see many opportunities currently being developed in this area. The availability of natural gas at a competitive price, and pore space to safely store CO2 for the long term, make the region an interesting location to establish blue hydrogen projects on very competitive terms.
"Technologies in this area are available and mature, and the market holds promise, as confirmed by the number of projects now under development.”
Regional project involvement
Linde Engineering has a track record of oil and gas project execution in the region, and has participated in several key projects, such as the world's largest CO2 liquefaction plant for Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (Sabic), and the construction and operation of ammonia, hydrogen and CO2 plants for the Sadara petrochemicals complex in Saudi Arabia. The company also provided air separation units to the Pearl gas-to-liquids project in Qatar.
“The first hydrogen refueling station in the region for [Abu Dhabi National Oil Company] Adnoc went into operation a few months ago," adds Van der Velden.
Looking ahead, Linde is one of the partners that Aramco has brought on board for a project to develop a carbon capture and storage (CCS) infrastructure in Saudi Arabia that will tap CO2 discharge from its gas processing plants. The objective of the Accelerated Carbon Capture & Sequestration (ACCS) project is to capture a total of 44 million tonnes a year (t/y) of CO2 from Aramco’s northern gas plants of Wasit, Fadhili and Khursaniyah, as well as from the operations of its subsidiary Sabic and Saudi industrial gases provider Air Products Qudra.
The ACCS project will be developed in phases over several years, with Linde and SLB partnering with Aramco for the first phase, which will have a CCS capacity of 9 million t/y.
“Under the project, the CO2 captured from natural gas processing plants, as well as from hydrogen and ammonia production, will be collected, dried, compressed and sent via pipeline to sequestration sites,” explains Van der Velden. “The project thereby accelerates decarbonisation solutions across the industrial and energy sectors in Saudi Arabia.
“The collaboration [with Aramco] combines decades of experience in CO2 capture and sequestration; innovative technology portfolios; project development and execution expertise; and engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) capabilities,” he adds.
Our goal is to ensure that the GCC has the technology it needs to … decarbonise the petrochemicals industry
John van der Velden, Linde Engineering
Future project investments
Ongoing investment in projects by Mena oil, gas and petrochemicals players leaves the door open for Linde Engineering to showcase its licensed technologies and EPC potential.
“We see increasing investment flowing into upstream projects in the region, many of which provide feedstock for new petrochemicals production and blue ammonia plants,” says Van der Velden. “In most of these new upstream developments – as well as in existing plants – CCUS facilities will be installed to reduce their carbon footprint.”
In the petrochemicals sector, operators plan to build large-scale olefin plants or cracking complexes, “particularly in Saudi Arabia, where the conversion of crude to chemicals will play a key role,” he continues.
“The highest efficiency and lowest emissions possible are now of utmost importance to customers, in line with their carbon emission reduction commitments. In fact, these considerations determine which technology is selected.
“Linde Engineering is well positioned in this market as a technology-to-EPC provider for net-zero crackers,” Van der Velden notes. “Aside from low-emission crackers, we have established design and execution capabilities for further opportunities and continue to work on innovations for carbon capture technologies.”
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King Salman Park prepares for soft opening30 September 2026

King Salman Park Foundation is preparing a phased soft opening of the Riyadh park as it moves from construction to operations.
Dale Chadwick, the foundation’s acting CEO, speaking at MEED’s Shaping Mega Projects conference in Riyadh on 28 September, said 95% of the contracts for phases one and two had been awarded, and irrigation for both phases was installed.
“There are areas of the landscape in the park that, literally, we could open tomorrow,” he said. "It’s trying to stitch this all together into a cohesive opening.”
The foundation will present its opening plan to its board at the end of this week. Chadwick said announcements were expected in the coming months.
“We can’t just open 12 square kilometres of green space and public domain without going through a process,” he said.
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The Royal Arts Complex, one of the park’s anchor assets, is due to be handed over to the Ministry of Culture within three to six months.
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Private assets
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Phase three
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Oxagon takes centre stage at Neom29 September 2026

For all the talk of cancellations, Neom completed its biggest project yet in August, commissioning the $8.5bn Neom Green Hydrogen project.
The project reflects Neom’s reprioritisation, which has seen the $500bn gigaproject shift from a speculative vision towards a delivery-focused industrial development.
This shift was clearly signalled in April, when Public Investment Fund (PIF) governor Yasir Al-Rumayyan publicly backed Oxagon, Neom’s planned industrial and manufacturing hub on the Red Sea coast. Since then, there have been increasing signs that the development is taking precedence over the rest of the giga-portfolio.
Announced strategy
Al-Rumayyan’s remarks, delivered as PIF unveiled its 2026-30 strategy, were the clearest public articulation yet of where the fund’s priorities lie. Asked whether The Line needed to be delivered, he was blunt: it would be good to have, but it was not essential. Oxagon, on the other hand, was described as “the fundamental part of Neom”.
The comment reframed two years of speculation about scaled-back ambitions at Neom into something closer to a strategic decision, with capital following the assets capable of generating revenue, and the industrial city sitting at the top of that list.
The shift in language also matters, since PIF has been at pains to stress that no Neom projects have been formally cancelled, even as billions of dollars of contracts have been terminated or re-scoped over the past two years.
Under the new strategy, Neom has effectively been reclassified as its own reporting line within PIF’s portfolio, separated from the fund’s other domestic holdings. That separation gives Oxagon room to be judged on its own commercial merits, while distancing it from the reputational weight still carried by more conceptual elements of the wider development.
There have been increasing signs that Oxagon is taking precedence over the rest of the giga-portfolio
Conflict acceleration
The reprioritisation was already under way before the region’s latest conflict began. PIF has spent the past two years pushing Neom to identify which elements of the gigaproject were fundamental and which were aspirational, a process that has as much to do with capital discipline as geopolitics.
With the fund committing to direct roughly 80% of its $925bn portfolio towards domestic investment, while simultaneously funding Expo 2030 and the 2034 World Cup, Riyadh needed its flagship projects to start showing commercial returns rather than absorbing capital indefinitely.
Oxagon, with a port, an export-ready hydrogen plant and land that could be leased to industrial tenants, was always the part of Neom best placed to answer that requirement, and the regional conflict that began in late February only accelerated the shift. The closure of the Strait of Hormuz to a fraction of its normal commercial throughput has hit Saudi Arabia’s oil export capacity hard and pushed the kingdom into a sizeable quarterly fiscal deficit.
Riyadh has also had to contend with direct disruption to its own energy infrastructure, including the temporary closure of the East-West oil pipeline following drone strikes. Against that backdrop, an industrial city with its own deep-water port on the Red Sea, outside the Strait of Hormuz chokepoint, has taken on added strategic weight.
Oxagon offers the kingdom a second maritime gateway, one that is not exposed to the same geopolitical risks as the Gulf coast terminals that have historically carried Saudi trade. For a government having to defend every riyal of committed capital spending, a project that can plausibly generate port fees, hydrogen export revenue and data-centre hosting income within the current decade is a far easier sell than a 170-kilometre linear city that is still taking shape.
Construction ramps up
The clearest evidence of that pivot is what has actually broken ground at Oxagon recently. At a time when Neom’s recent news flow has been about contract terminations, Oxagon’s has been about starts.
The most visible of these is the artificial intelligence (AI) data-centre campus being developed by Humain, the PIF-owned AI company, in partnership with digital infrastructure developer DataVolt.
Construction on the first 100MW of a planned 360MW first phase began this year, as part of a wider 1.5GW campus that builds on the companies’ original 2025 agreement, backed by roughly $5bn of investment. The facility is designed to draw on Oxagon’s pre-zoned industrial land, renewable power and subsea cable links to Europe and Africa, with the first 100MW targeted for service in 2028.
For Neom, the project answers a question that has dogged the gigaproject for years: namely, what, beyond real estate and tourism, Oxagon actually sells.
Connectivity is following the same pattern. Neom issued an expression of interest in September for consultancy services to plan a freight rail line of more than 400km linking the Port of Neom at Oxagon to Saudi Arabia Railways’ North-South Railway at the Al-Baseeta junction.
The North-South network currently serves the kingdom’s phosphate and bauxite mining sector, running from Al-Jalamid and Baitha to the Gulf coast industrial cluster around Ras Al-Khair, Jubail and Dammam, with branches to Riyadh and the Jordanian border.
A connection to Oxagon would give that network a second maritime outlet on the Red Sea and would finally give the Port of Neom a direct rail link into the kingdom’s interior, something it has lacked since operations began in 2022.
Cargo currently depends on road transport or an additional sea leg, a constraint that has limited the port’s usefulness beyond a regional hub.
Utilities work is quietly keeping pace with the more visible projects. Neom has tendered an industrial wastewater treatment plant at Oxagon, with proposals due in early October. The scheme has an initial capacity of 35,000 cubic metres a day, (cm/d) expandable to a maximum of 45,000 cm/d as demand grows.
The plant is expected to cater to the wider industrial developments planned at Oxagon and points towards it developing into a full-fledged industrial cluster rather than a single-phase development.
Road infrastructure has moved in parallel. A design-and-build tender is currently out for the permanent upgrade of Oxagon’s Highway 55, which connects the Red Sea coast with the mainland in northwestern Saudi Arabia.
It currently serves as the only road providing north-south connectivity between Duba and the Neom region. The project is expected to support the anticipated increase in construction activity at Oxagon and facilitate the movement of cargo vehicles from Duba Port to other parts of the country and the wider region.
These construction packages represent the unglamorous groundwork needed before an industrial city can function at scale, and that foundational build-out is already being mirrored in Neom’s external connectivity. In April, a new multimodal logistics corridor linking Europe, Egypt, Neom and the GCC was enabled, offering a faster and more flexible route for European cargo entering the region.
The most advanced element of the build-out remains the port itself. Dutch marine contractor Boskalis has completed the deepening and widening of the main access channel, and Belgian contractor Besix has finished more than 4.6km of quay wall across seven berths, some with draughts of up to 18.5 metres.
The Terminal 1 development, a 900-metre, fully automated container facility designed to be one of the first ports in the kingdom to use automated ship-to-shore cranes, is being phased in through 2026. This will take capacity from the port’s current 250,000 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) towards a 2030 target of 1.5 million TEUs, and an eventual ambition of 12 million TEUs once fully built out. The facility has been described as an accelerator for the kind of integrated, end-to-end supply chain the wider Oxagon concept was built around.
A development this capital-intensive will require continued private and foreign investment
Project rationale
Set against the rest of Neom’s portfolio, Oxagon’s advantage stands out. It has the potential to produce things that can be sold, shipped or leased within a timeframe investors and government auditors can underwrite.
Green hydrogen converted into green ammonia for export; port capacity sold by the container; data-centre capacity sold by the megawatt; industrial land leased by the hectare. These are conventional infrastructure economics, not the largely unprecedented urban-planning bet represented by The Line or other components of the wider Neom masterplan.
There is also a coherence to Oxagon’s individual pieces that is harder to find elsewhere in the Neom story. A port needs rail and road connections to move cargo inland. An AI data-centre campus needs power, land and subsea connectivity – things an industrial port city is well placed to provide. A green hydrogen plant needs an export terminal close by. Each project reinforces the case for the others, in a way that an industrial city announced in 2021 as one vision among several has arguably never quite managed to replicate.
Oxagon is not without risk. Schedules have already slipped once, and a development this capital-intensive will require continued private and foreign investment if its backers are serious about reducing direct funding exposure.
The direction of travel this year has been positive. With the green hydrogen plant entering commissioning, a hyperscale AI campus breaking ground, a new rail corridor being planned and a port moving towards its next phase, Oxagon is reinforcing its position as one of the kingdom’s flagship projects for the future.
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Contractors submit bids for Oxagon Highway 55 upgrade29 September 2026

Contractors submitted bids on 28 September for a design-and-build contract to upgrade Highway 55 in Saudi Arabia’s Oxagon region.
The first phase of the project includes the construction of 14 kilometres of road with two lanes in each direction, as well as one bridge and three interchanges.
The project duration is 22 months.
Highway 55 connects the Red Sea coast with the mainland in northwestern Saudi Arabia. It is currently the only road providing north-south connectivity between Duba and the Neom region.
MEED reported exclusively in August last year that contractors had submitted responses to an expression of interest notice that Neom issued earlier that month.
The project is expected to support cargo movement from Duba Port to other parts of the kingdom and the wider region.
Last year, Neom tested a pilot initiative by handling a shipment that travelled from Cairo via the Port of Safaga, across the Red Sea to the Port of Neom, and then inland to Erbil, Iraq.
In a statement, Neom said: “The shipment travelled through an intermodal corridor spanning over 900 kilometres, marking a significant milestone in the kingdom’s transformation into a regional and global logistics hub.”
The Port of Neom is located on the Red Sea near the Arar border, a key entry point into Iraq.
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