PPP activity rebounds in 2023
26 October 2023

This report on project finance and PPP also includes: Liquidity drives project finance appetite
There has been an increase in both the number and value of public-private partnership (PPP) contract awards made across the Middle East and North Africa region in 2023, according to data from regional projects tracker MEED Projects.
The total value of PPP deals from January to early October has already overtaken the value of awards made in 2022. To date, $21.3bn of PPP deals have been finalised in 2023, compared to $18.1bn in 2022, representing a rise of 18 per cent.
With most of the final quarter of the year still to go, there is every chance that the 2021 total of $22.6bn will also be surpassed. In the five years before that, the total was at most about $12bn a year, underlining the healthy position of the market at the moment.
However, the longer-term record high of $29.6bn, set in 2009, still appears to be out of reach.
In numerical terms the picture is more balanced, with 34 PPP contract awards to date in 2023, compared to 44 in 2022 and 47 in 2021. However, the average size of PPP contracts being handed out this year is significantly up, at $627m an award so far in 2023 compared to $401m in 2022 and $482m in 2021.
Water and transport lead the way
The surge in deal-making has been particularly evident in the water sector, where $9.3bn-worth of deals have been signed this year, far ahead of last year’s figure of $3.6bn.
The largest of these is a $2.2bn contract for Abu Dhabi National Oil Company’s Mirfa seawater treatment plant. A consortium of Orascom Construction and Metito has been appointed to develop the project.
Just behind this in terms of value is the $2.1bn contract to install a water transmission pipeline from the Ar-Rayis1 independent water plant to Rabigh for Saudi Water Partnerships Company. The contract was won by a consortium of Cobra Group, Al-Khorayef Water & Power Technologies and Orascom Construction.
The transport sector has also been performing well, with $5.3bn-worth of contracts in 2023, significantly more than the $428m in 2022. The biggest schemes include a $2.2bn contract for Iran’s Roads & Urban Development Ministry to expand capacity at Tehran’s Imam Khomeini International airport, for which a joint venture of Hycan Automobile Technology Company and Khatam al-Anbia was appointed in September.
Another major contract is the $1.9bn deal that Saudi Ports Authority (Mawani) signed with China Harbour Engineering Company to upgrade Terminal 1 and expand Terminal 2 at King Abdulaziz Port in Dammam.
Construction and power struggle
There has been a relative decline in other areas, however, and most notably in construction. The high level of activity seen in the sector in 2022 has not been sustained, with contract values falling by two-thirds so far this year to $1.6bn. The number of PPP awards in the sector has also fallen, from 14 in 2022 to seven so far in 2023 – the lowest figure for this part of the market since 2019.
The power sector looks set to continue its recovery, with several solar and wind independent power projects (IPPs) in Saudi Arabia expected to be awarded before the end of the year. An estimated $4.9bn-worth of deals have been awarded in the first nine months of 2023.
The expected award of the Saudi IPP contracts, as well as the third solar photovoltaic project in Abu Dhabi, indicates that the total value of power deals this year could equal or exceed that of last year.
PPP deals in the power sector – which pioneered the model in the region – account for 139 of the 332 contracts awarded between 2015 and 2023. This is followed by the water sector with a further 86 contracts, construction with 50 awards and transport with 31 deals. The remaining contracts were awarded in the chemicals, oil and gas and industrial sectors.
Within the power sector there has been a preference for build, own and operate (BOO) contracts, with 84 in total over the period, worth a combined $30.1bn; and build, operate and transfer (BOT) contracts, of which there have been a further 76, worth $20.1bn. In the water sector, the contracts are more evenly spread between BOO, BOT and build-own-operate-transfer (BOOT) schemes, while both the transport and construction sectors tend to favour BOT models.
Across all sectors, BOT, BOO and BOOT contracts account for 77 per cent of all contracts by value in the period under review. BOT emerged as the frontrunner in 2023 in terms of the value of awards, having been second to BOO contracts last year.
For most of the past decade, these two contract models have been the dominant ones, although BOOT was far ahead of the pack in 2021 thanks to the award of a $6bn contract that year by Algeria’s Transport Ministry for the development of El-Hamdania Port.
Gulf economies remain dominant
The most important markets in the region for PPP deals in 2023 are Saudi Arabia, with $11.6bn-worth of contract awards, followed by the UAE with $5.7bn and Iran with $2.2bn – the latter almost wholly because of the Tehran airport deal.
Among the other major contracts in these markets is a $2bn deal signed by Red Sea Global in September with a team of Masdar, EDF and Korea East-West Power Company for a multi-utilities package at the Amaala development, including a solar power plant, battery storage, sewage treatment and a desalination plant.
Also notable is Etihad Rail’s $800m contract with National Infrastructure Construction Company and National Projects & Construction in early October for the first phase of the light rail network in Abu Dhabi.
No other country has yet broken through the $1bn mark in terms of PPP contract awards in 2023, although Oman may yet do so. So far this year, the sultanate has seen the award of $824m-worth of projects, including two $400m contracts awarded by Oman Wastewater Services Company to develop solar power plants at Manah, southwest of Muscat.
This year’s figure is the highest for the sultanate in several years and marks a step-change from its recent performance. In 2021 and 2022, PPP contracts worth just $50m and $60m were signed, respectively.
Other markets have been performing more poorly. Both Egypt and Iraq have seen the level of activity slump significantly, with just $520m-worth of contracts in Egypt so far this year, compared to $3.6bn in 2022. Iraq has seen no PPP contract awards in 2023 at all, after two bumper years in which $8.5bn worth of deals were finalised in 2021 and $3.7bn in 2022.
The fall in these markets is a further sign of the wider problems facing their economies and could be a signal that private-sector actors are increasingly wary of signing up to long-term deals in such uncertain economic and political environments.
Among other, smaller markets, there have been signs of activity in both Bahrain and Tunisia, with one and two deals respectively this year, after no activity was recorded in either market last year.
Exclusive from Meed
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Conflict has limited impact on GCC projects4 March 2026
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Saudi Arabia’s private sector steps up4 March 2026
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Iraq under pressure as oil exports slashed4 March 2026
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Conflict has limited impact on GCC projects4 March 2026

The conflict in the Gulf has so far had a limited impact on projects in the GCC, with most sites operating normally since hostilities began on 28 February. In total, there are 6,738 projects under execution across the GCC, with a combined value of $951bn, according to regional projects tracker MEED Projects.
Contracting companies in the region say that the majority of their projects have not been affected by the conflict, and work has continued onsite without disruption. However, a few sites have temporarily halted operations, either at the request of the authorities or because they were considered at risk due to their strategic locations.
“Work has continued on our projects in Dubai. We have only one site where we were asked to stop work,” says a contractor overseeing projects across Dubai.
Another contractor operating across the UAE has also continued work but halted operations at one site following a nearby security incident. “We have one site that was close to a facility that was struck by debris, so we stopped work,” the contractor says.
Work has also continued on projects outside of the UAE. In Saudi Arabia and Qatar, contractors continue to work on projects, including strategically sensitive oil and gas projects. “We have continued work on most of our projects. There are a few sites where we have been asked to stop work, but this is the minority, and at most sites we are still working,” says an international contractor.
Supply chain concerns
While operations largely continue as normal, there are concerns that projects could be impacted later due to supply chain disruption. Ports in the region have been targets, and with international shipping passing through the Strait of Hormuz effectively stopping, there is an expectation that international shipments will be delayed. A related concern is the sharp spike in oil prices that will be inflationary.
How the disruption is handled will depend on the terms of specific contracts and on how companies choose to navigate the issue. The general consensus among contractors and lawyers is that it is not a force majeure event. Instead, it is general disruption that should be noted and documented, should there be cost or time implications later in the project.
One Dubai-based contractor said the strategy for now is to support clients as best as possible amid this uncertainty, while noting that there may be cost implications later.
The region has been considered a safe place for tourism, and also for the rich to live in a tax-free haven. The attacks on Dubai may change that perception, and that will impact the market in the future
International contractorFuture prospects
There are also concerns about the market’s future. There have been record levels of contract awards in recent years, and the worry is that the pace of contract awards may slow as uncertainty grips the market.
At the same time, some contract awards have been expedited. One Dubai-based contractor has signed two contracts since the conflict started. “We have signed deals that had been lingering for a while. I think the logic is that the client wants to lock in resources before prices or anything else changes,” says the contractor.
Longer term, it is expected that priorities for construction could shift. Contractors say that defence will become more of a priority for governments in the future, and so will strategic infrastructure projects such as power and water.
There might also be increased interest in making infrastructure more secure, which will add an additional layer of complexity for construction companies. “Facilities like data centres may be located underground in the future to protect them from attacks,” says a UAE-based contractor.
The outlook for other sectors is more challenged, particularly real estate and tourism.
“The region has been considered a safe place for tourism, and also for the rich to live in a tax-free haven,” says the international contractor. “The attacks on Dubai may change that perception, and that will impact the market in the future. Tourism is a key component of national visions across the GCC, so I think there will have to be a rethink of economic strategies for the future.”
READ THE MARCH 2026 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDFRiyadh urges private sector to take greater role; Chemical players look to spend rationally; Economic uptick lends confidence to Cairo’s reforms.
Distributed to senior decision-makers in the region and around the world, the March 2026 edition of MEED Business Review includes:
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Saudi Arabia’s private sector steps up4 March 2026
Commentary
Colin Foreman
EditorRead the March issue of MEED Business Review
At the Future Investment Initiative (FII) in Riyadh in 2019, a head of a regional family business voiced a guarded concern. The worry was that the scale and speed of the Public Investment Fund’s (PIF’s) projects were crowding out the private sector, leaving little space for traditional players to compete.
Fast forward more than six years and much has changed. In 2026, the era of the PIF acting as the principal driver for development is giving way to a new phase where the private sector is taking a more active role.At February’s Private Sector Forum (PSF), officials acknowledged that the kingdom’s priorities have evolved since 2016. This has led to reprioritisation, including the indefinite postponement of the 2029 Asian Winter Games in Trojena and the scaling back of projects such as The Line – moves framed as strategic adjustments amid global economic uncertainty.
With the 2034 Fifa World Cup and Expo 2030 on the horizon, alongside the rapid ascent of artificial intelligence, Riyadh is right to realign its capital. It is far more reassuring to see a government adapt its strategy to a changing global economy than to blindly pursue an outdated plan. The PIF, now managing $913bn in assets, is seeking ‘escape velocity’, allowing sectors such as tourism and real estate to stand independently.
The private sector is beginning to respond. Recent agreements signed at the PSF – ranging from King Salman International airport’s mixed-use developments to Roshn’s logistics partnership with Agility – show that local and regional firms are rising to the challenge.
There is still work to be done. Some sectors are more ready for investment than others, and scaling back projects has dented the confidence of some investors.
But overall, the tide is turning. The crowding out fears of 2019 have been replaced by a drive to get the private sector more involved, and while it will take time for momentum to fully develop, the process of passing the baton has already begun.
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Etihad Rail conducts passenger rail trial run in Abu Dhabi4 March 2026
Etihad Rail, the UAE’s national rail operator, has carried out a passenger train trial on the line linking Al-Ghuwaifat station at the Saudi border with Al-Faya station in Abu Dhabi.
The test was organised in coordination with the Emergencies, Crises and Disasters Management Centre Abu Dhabi (ADCMC).
In a statement, ADCMC said the exercise is intended to help maintain essential services and offer safe, dependable transport options as conditions change.
It also highlighted the route’s strategic value in supporting movement for citizens and residents, while giving authorities the ability to activate alternate corridors in line with approved emergency response plans.
ADCMC added that running this route with Etihad Rail fits within a wider set of coordinated measures designed to reinforce logistical security, aligned with business continuity planning and multi-scenario risk management frameworks.
The UAE’s first national passenger rail network is due to begin operations soon, using the existing 900-kilometre (km) railway stretching from Al-Ghuwaifat to Fujairah.
The system will include 11 stations. Early services are expected to connect Mohammed Bin Zayed City (Abu Dhabi), Jumeirah Golf Estates (Dubai), University City (Sharjah) and Al-Hilal (Fujairah).
Other stops include Al-Sila’, Al-Dhannah, Al-Mirfa, Madinat Zayed, Mezaira’a and Al-Faya in Abu Dhabi, along with Al-Dhaid in Sharjah.
The passenger fleet is planned to include 13 trains, each with a capacity for up to 400 passengers.
Target travel times include 57 minutes between Abu Dhabi and Dubai, 105 minutes from Abu Dhabi to Fujairah, and 70 minutes from Abu Dhabi to Ruwais.
On the operations side, Etihad Rail and France’s Keolis agreed in October 2025 to form a joint venture to oversee passenger services.
In June 2022, Etihad Rail awarded Spain’s CAF Group a AED1.2bn ($327m) contract covering the design, manufacture, supply and maintenance of the passenger trains.
Freight services are already running, with operations spanning 11 terminals: Ruwais Inland Terminal, Ruwais Port, ICAD, Khalifa Port, Dubai Industrial City, Jebel Ali Port, Al-Ghail Dry Port, Fujairah Port, Ghuwaifat Terminal, Shah Terminal and Habshan Terminal.
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Distributed to senior decision-makers in the region and around the world, the March 2026 edition of MEED Business Review includes:
> RAMADAN: Data disproves the Ramadan slowdown story> INDUSTRY REPORT: Chemicals producers look to cut spending> INDUSTRY REPORT: Global petrochemical project capex set to rise until 2030> MARKET FOCUS: Egypt’s crisis mode gives way to cautious revival> LEADERSHIP: Delivering Saudi Arabia’s next phase of rail growth> INTERVIEW: Abu Dhabi’s Enersol charts acquisitions pathTo see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click herehttps://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/15854553/main.jpg -
Iraq’s Atrush and Sarsang oil fields stop production due to Iran conflict4 March 2026
Production has stopped at the Atrush and Sarsang blocks in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and output has been slashed at key fields in the south of the country.
Canada-based ShaMaran Petroleum Corporation, which holds stakes in Atrush and Sarsang, said that production had stopped at both fields as a precautionary measure due to “the deterioration in the regional security environment” related to the US and Israel’s conflict with Iran.
ShaMaran holds a 50% working interest in the Atrush Block and an 18% working interest in the Sarsang Block.
Erbil-headquartered HKN Energy is also a partner in both fields.
Prior to the latest shutdown, in the company’s most recent quarterly report, it said that Atrush had produced an average of 29,400 barrels a day (b/d) over the three-month period, and Sarsang produced 18,200 b/d.
Due to the field closures in Iraqi Kurdistan, it has been reported that exports to the Turkish port of Ceyhan via the Iraq-Turkiye pipeline have fallen to zero while all of the crude produced in the region is used domestically.
Iraq’s Rumaila field, in the south of the country, is also being severely impacted by the ongoing conflict.
On 3 March, the decision was taken to completely stop production at the South Rumaila field, after Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps declared the Strait of Hormuz closed.
The Rumaila oil field, which is made up of North Rumaila and South Rumaila, is the second-biggest oil field in the world.
The oil field normally has the capacity to produce around 1.2 million b/d, but has cut production by at least 700,000 b/d due to overloaded storage.
Also in the south of the country, there have been cuts to production at the West Qurna-2 and Maysan fields.
Several other Iraqi oil and gas fields have shut down recently amid the US and Israel’s ongoing war with Iran.
The Shaikan field in northern Iraq’s semi-autonomous Kurdistan region has stopped production due to security concerns.
The field is operated by London-listed Gulf Keystone Petroleum, which has said in a statement that it had “temporarily shut-in production operations and has taken measures to protect staff in light of the developing regional security environment”.
Shaikan is one of Iraqi Kurdistan’s largest producing fields and produced more than 41,500 barrels a day in 2025.
The production stoppage at Shaikan came days after gas production was halted at Iraqi Kurdistan’s Khor Mor field on 28 February.
UAE-based Dana Gas stopped supplying power plants from the field due to the “abnormal situation and war taking place in the area”, according to a joint statement from the Kurdistan region’s natural resources and electricity ministries.
The gas halt is expected to cut electricity generation capacity by 2,500-3,000MW, with authorities seeking alternative supply to limit the shortfall, the ministries said.
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Iraq under pressure as oil exports slashed4 March 2026
Analysis
Wil Crisp
Oil & gas reporterIraq’s oil and gas sector is facing mounting challenges as production levels drop sharply amid the US and Israel’s ongoing war with Iran.
In the south of the country, oil exports have been paralysed by the closure of the Strait of Hormuz, and, in the country’s northern region of Iraqi Kurdistan, exports via the Iraq-Turkiye Pipeline (ITP) have fallen to zero.
Industry insiders are expecting the impact to be felt for some time to come.
On 2 March, Iran’s Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) said the Strait of Hormuz is closed and warned that any vessel attempting to pass through will be attacked.
Ebrahim Jabari, a senior adviser to the IRGC’s commander-in-chief, said: “The strait is closed. If anyone tries to pass, the heroes of the Revolutionary Guard and the regular navy will set those ships ablaze.”
Stakeholders in Iraq’s oil and gas sector believe that the closure of the Strait by Iran is likely to have a long-term impact on companies operating in the south of the country.
One source said: “The outlook for the companies operating in the south is very bad right now.
“Potentially, a lot of companies in the south are going to be very anxious about the Strait of Hormuz for a very long time.
“There are hardly any other export routes they can use, and even if Iran’s military capabilities are substantially eroded, it’s going to be very hard to defend ships that are passing through there.”
On 3 March, the decision was taken to completely stop production at the South Rumaila field, after Iran’s IRGC declared the Strait of Hormuz closed.
The Rumaila oil field, which is made up of North Rumaila and South Rumaila, is the second-biggest oil field in the world.
The oil field normally has the capacity to produce 1.2 million barrels a day (b/d), but has cut production by at least 700,000 b/d due to overloaded storage.
Also in the south of the country, there have been cuts to production at the West Qurna 2 and Maysan fields.
Pipeline problem
The main export route for oil producers in Iraqi Kurdistan is the ITP.
This key pipeline, which reopened on 27 September last year, was closed again after production from the region dropped dramatically due to multiple oil fields closing as a safety precaution.
The fields that have temporarily stopped production include the Atrush and Sarsang fields.
Canada-based ShaMaran Petroleum Corporation, which holds stakes in both fields, said that the closures were due to “the deterioration in the regional security environment”.
On top of this, the Iraqi Kurdistan’s Shaikan field, which London-listed Gulf Keystone Petroleum operates, has stopped production due to security concerns.
Shaikan is one of Iraqi Kurdistan’s largest producing fields and produced more than 41,500 b/d in 2025.
“When it comes to the outlook for future oil exports, the calculation is completely different for these companies in Iraqi Kurdistan compared to the companies in the south of the country,” said one source.
“It’s possible that the pipeline will be easier to open in the near future than the Strait of Hormuz.
“It’s not so close to Iran and, so far, no damage has been sustained by the pipeline or the oil fields.
“With prices so high right now, everyone involved in exporting oil via the pipeline is highly motivated to see it restarted.”
The disruption to global oil and gas supplies caused by the Iran conflict has driven global oil prices up by around 15%, with Brent crude oil briefly rising above $85 a barrel on 3 March, the highest it has been since July 2024.
One source said: “These high oil prices are going to be a nightmare for consumers – but if you are an oil company, it’s an opportunity to make some serious money.
“However, you can only make that money if you can ship your oil – and a lot of oil companies in Iraq are going to struggle to do just that.”
Another source said: “There’s nothing technically wrong with the Kurdistan fields or the pipeline at the moment, and a lot of people believe they could be brought back online relatively quickly.
“The pipeline has only been shut down because of the oil field closures. All of the oil that is currently being produced in Iraqi Kurdistan is being used domestically.”
Key staff at Iraqi Kurdistan’s oil companies remain in the country, and the companies are planning quick restarts to cash in on current high prices, according to sources.
One said: “While many of these companies have plans in place for evacuations by land to Turkiye if the situation worsens, right now it seems more likely that things will stabilise and the companies will bring their fields back online soon.
“Workers have been told to stay inside – but many are used to the threat of drone and rocket attacks, and they are still going to the pub and living their lives as normal.”
Uncertain future
While many stakeholders in Iraqi Kurdistan believe the outlook for oil companies in the region is better than in the south of the country, significant challenges remain, and the situation could change dramatically due to the chaotic nature of the ongoing conflict.
One factor that is likely to remain challenging in Iraqi Kurdistan is logistics for key personnel.
One source said: “Airport closures and flight cancellations are likely to dog this region for some time to come, so getting people in and out is expected to remain difficult.”
Another concern is potential attacks on oil fields by militant groups in the region that are loyal to Iran.
“We’ve seen that Iran wants to lash out and do damage to oil assets in nearby countries – so an attack on key fields in Iraqi Kurdistan would not be a surprise,” the source added.
An attack on the ITP pipeline itself could dramatically change the outlook for Iraqi Kurdistan.
Drone attacks or rockets could potentially put the pipeline out of action for months, dealing a serious blow to the outlook for the region’s oil companies.
While the future for the oil sector in both federal Iraq and the Kurdistan region remains highly uncertain, it is clear to everyone involved that the disruptions to the country’s oil and gas sector are causing severe economic damage to the oil-reliant country.
On 3 March, Baghdad-based research organisation Eco Iraq Observatory estimated that Iraq was losing $128m a day after the shutdown of the Rumaila and Kurdistan fields.
It said a one-week shutdown could cost the Iraqi treasury nearly $900m, and a month could result in losses exceeding $3.8bn.
With Iraq relying on oil for more than 90% of government revenues, it is likely that the country will rapidly enter an economic crisis if it does not find a way to bring exports back online over the coming days.
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