Muted public spending hinders global tunnelling
4 April 2025

This package also includes: Traffic drives construction underground
The pipeline of tunnel construction projects around the world as tracked by GlobalData stands at $1.3tn, encompassing projects from announcement to execution.
The total pipeline value reflects the overall values of projects that are either entirely tunnels or that have tunnels as an integral part of the work. The project pipeline includes tunnelling works across a range of sectors, including road and railway development, as well as water and sewerage.
The pipeline of tunnel construction projects around the world currently stands at $1.3tn
Subdued spending
Public spending is anticipated to remain muted globally in the short term, as governments are still trying to curtail expenditure to reduce public debt, thereby constraining investments in public infrastructure. This is affecting the demand for tunnel construction, which heavily relies on public infrastructure development. Elevated construction material prices, high interest rates and labour and skill shortages are expected to discourage new investment, further reducing demand for tunnel construction.
These challenges have already impacted project viability, leading to the withdrawal or postponement of funding for 50 projects in Australia’s $78.6bn infrastructure investment programme due to cost increases of over $21bn. The conflicts in Russia and Ukraine, the situation in Gaza and disruptions to shipping in the Red Sea are weighing on new investment levels, particularly in Eastern Europe and the Middle East and North Africa region due to increased uncertainty.
However, this decrease in new tunnel investment is not expected to be uniform globally, as China’s significant infrastructure investment drive, the US’ Infrastructure and Jobs Act and India’s various infrastructure investment programmes are driving new investment in their respective regions.

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> Middle East and North Africa (Mena) |
> Western Europe
Western Europe has a tunnel construction project pipeline valued at $329.5bn, with Switzerland leading with $60.6bn of projects, follwed by Germany with $56.8bn. Notable projects include the Turin-Lyon tunnel and the Genoa underwater tunnel. Projects in pre-execution and execution stages total $222.8bn, with the highest-value project being Zurich’s $38.8bn CST (underground cargo) Freight Metro Tunnel.
> Northeast Asia
Northeast Asia’s tunnel construction pipeline is valued at $327.7bn, with China contributing $220.3bn, including the $42.4bn Dalian-Yantai undersea railway tunnel. Japan has projects worth $101.3bn, primarily the $65.2bn Tokyo to Nagoya Maglev Railway Line. Most projects are in later development stages, totalling $198.3bn, or 69.8% of the pipeline.
> Australasia
Australasia’s tunnel construction pipeline totals $150.1bn, with Australia holding $112.9bn, about 75% of the region’s value. The largest project is the $87bn Melbourne Suburban Rail Loop, a 90km rail loop with 13 stations. Construction on six stations began in 2022, with the entire project expected to finish by 2050, though rising costs and labour shortages may affect this.
> North America
North America’s tunnel projects are valued at $92.4bn, with $63.6bn in pre-execution and execution stages. The pipeline includes 921.8km of tunnels, primarily in the US. Railway tunnels are the largest segment at $40.7bn, with the Hudson River Rail Tunnel being the highest-value project at $16bn.
> Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia’s tunnel pipeline is valued at $91.3bn, with $55.1bn under construction. Singapore leads with $45.2bn, mainly from rail tunnel projects. The Land Transport Authority awarded a $199m contract for tunnels connecting MRT stations as part of the Cross Island Line’s second phase.
> Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe’s pipeline is valued at $56.3bn, with $46.9bn in pre-execution and execution stages. Major contributors include Turkiye, Czechia and Romania, which has the largest share at $16.3bn. The $9bn Bucharest Metro Line 5 is a key project expected to complete by 2033, with spending projected to rise in the coming years.
> South Asia
South Asia’s tunnel construction pipeline is valued at $47.9bn, with India contributing $31.9bn, primarily from road tunnels. A notable project is the $1.3bn Thane to Borivali underground tunnel. The pipeline includes 2,043.7km of developments, with spending expected to reach $1.8bn in 2024.
> Latin America
Latin America has a growing tunnel construction pipeline valued at $30.3bn, with $28.7bn in later development stages. The region includes 276.2km of projects, with Colombia leading at 92.1km. The highest-value project is the $9.6bn Bogota Metro, which began construction in early 2021.
> Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa’s tunnel construction pipeline is valued at $6.7bn, with 63.7% in pre-execution and execution stages. The pipeline includes 1,580km of projects, primarily in Tanzania, Ethiopia and Kenya. Spending may reach $685.4m in 2025, but investment constraints may limit new projects.
In conclusion, while the global tunnel construction industry faces challenges due to muted spending, high construction material prices and geopolitical uncertainties, significant infrastructure investment initiatives in countries like China, the US and India are expected to continue driving new investment.
Traffic drives construction underground
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State utility Emirates Water & Electricity Company (Ewec) recently announced it had received four bids for the development of the 3.3GW Al-Nouf independent power producer (IPP) project in Abu Dhabi.
The facility is scheduled to be one of at least four major IPP projects to reach contract award this year as the IPP procurement model becomes increasingly popular in the UAE for large-scale power generation projects.
The four IPP projects include the planned 2.5GW Taweelah C combined-cycle gas turbine plant, the 1.5GW Al-Zarraf solar photovoltaic (PV) plant and the 1.5GW Madinat Zayed open-cycle gas turbine plant.
As of the beginning of April, these accounted for $9.3bn, or 92%, of total power projects under bid evaluation. To put that into context, the UAE’s power market recorded its highest annual total for contract awards on record in 2025, with $11.8bn in confirmed awards.
Three of these were IPP projects, making up $8.1bn, or 69%, of total awards. In 2024, that number was lower again, with just one IPP project accounting for 26% of total power awards.
The last time contract awards surpassed $5bn was in 2018, when the Hamriyah combined-cycle plant accounted for 21%.
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Among recent awards, a consortium of France’s Engie and Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company (Masdar) signed a contract in November to develop the 1.5GW Khazna solar PV IPP.
A month previously, Etihad Water & Electricity (EtihadWE) and South Korea’s Kepco won the award to develop a 400MW battery energy storage system (bess) project following the same IPP model.
That same month, Abu Dhabi’s landmark $6bn solar plant and 19GWh bess project entered construction, with Larsen & Toubro (India) and Power China working as contractors.
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Project pipeline
Looking further into the pipeline, the trend looks set to continue, with two IPP projects currently under main contract bidding, representing almost all of the $3.7bn-worth of projects at this stage.
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Transmission
Beyond generation, there remains a steady flow of transmission infrastructure investment, led by Taqa Transmission, which awarded $830m across 11 grid projects last year.
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Total power transmission contracts reached $2.8bn in 2025, a slight increase from $2.5bn the year before.
Transmission and distribution upgrades have become central to maintaining grid stability and integrating intermittent renewables. Ewec and Taqa are expanding 400kV and 132kV networks across Abu Dhabi and the Northern Emirates, while Dewa continues to reinforce its cable and substation systems in Dubai. These works are vital precursors to the next phase of large-scale solar and battery storage integration.
Waste-to-energy
Waste-to-energy (WTE) is becoming an increasingly important part of the UAE’s infrastructure pipeline as the country seeks to reduce landfill dependence and diversify its power mix through alternative generation sources.
In Ajman, Ajman Sewerage Private Company is progressing the fourth-phase expansion of its sewerage system, which includes the flagship sludge-to-energy (S2E) facility. Belgium’s Besix has been appointed as the engineering, procurement and construction contractor.
In Sharjah, Emirates Waste to Energy Company, a joint venture of Beeah Group and Tadweer Group, is planning the second phase of its WTE treatment plant. The estimated $200m expansion is expected to almost double the facility’s annual output to 60MW, while increasing processing capacity to 600,000 tonnes of hard-to-recycle waste a year.
It is understood that a consortium led by Samsung E&A and China Everbright Environment Group has submitted the lowest bid, with a contract award expected in the coming months.
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