Muscat performs tricky budget balancing act
12 December 2023

On 11 November, Oman’s Etco Space sent its first nano-satellite, Aman-1, into orbit aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launched from California. It is the sort of endeavour Muscat is keen to promote as it tries to diversify its economy.
Etco Space chief executive Abdulaziz Jaafar said his company will be “pushing the boundaries of our space programme in the coming months and years”. It aims to launch more satellites and get involved in deep-space missions.
Oman’s economy needs to find new areas to exploit. GDP growth slowed from 4.3 per cent in 2022 to 1.3 per cent in 2023, according to the Washington-based IMF. The organisation expects the growth rate to revive to 2.7 per cent in 2024, but that is at least partly dependent on a rebound in hydrocarbons production.
This may not come to pass. Oman is part of the wider Opec+ arrangement to curb production and at the group’s meeting on 30 November, Oman agreed to cut 42,000 barrels a day (b/d) from its output during the first quarter of 2024. Opec said the cuts will be gradually unwound later in the year “subject to market conditions”.
Soft oil prices
It is not just about output, however. Oil prices have also been weaker in 2023. The Finance Ministry says Oman received $81 a barrel on average in the first nine months of 2023, compared to $94 in the same period last year.
Caroline Bain, chief commodities economist at Capital Economics, said the Opec+ cuts “should at least act as a floor under prices at current levels, but we would be surprised if it prompted a sustained price rally”.
As it stands, Oman’s net oil revenues were RO4.8bn ($12.5bn) in the first nine months of 2023, 10 per cent lower than a year ago.
Gas revenues have fallen even more significantly – by 42 per cent to RO1.6bn – prompting an overall drop in public revenues of 16 per cent, or RO1.7bn.
Wider market dynamics mean the pressure is likely to continue into 2024. Bhushan Bahree, executive director at S&P Global Commodity Insights, says that crude prices are “under pressure from a looming oil over-supply early next year”, amid strong oil production growth in the Americas.
The economic pressures follow a period of fairly benign conditions. High oil revenues in recent years have enabled Omani authorities to post fiscal and current account surpluses and pay off some sovereign debt.
Such trends have prompted the main credit ratings agencies to issue upgrades. In May 2023, Moody’s Investors Service promoted Oman from Ba3 to Ba2, while both Standard & Poor’s and Fitch Ratings upgraded the sovereign from BB to BB+ in September.
Debt and spending
Government debt rose from just 5 per cent of GDP in 2014 to a peak of 68 per cent in 2020, but since then there has been a concerted effort to reverse that trend. By 2022, it had dropped to 40 per cent of GDP and Fitch predicts it will stabilise at about 35 per cent in 2024-25.
Overall public debt is now at about RO16.3bn, levels last seen in 2018-19.
Despite the lower oil and gas revenues, the government has kept its spending discipline, with expenditure down 14 per cent in the first nine months of the year. This has meant the budget remains in surplus, albeit at lower levels than in 2022. Figures from the Finance Ministry show a surplus of RO791m for the first nine month of 2023, down from RO1.1bn in the same period a year earlier.
In the longer-term, Oman is pinning much of its hopes on hydrogen production. Hydrogen Oman (Hydrom) signed five deals for projects in Duqm in mid-2023, involving total potential investment of $30bn. It is hoping a second round of deals, covering blocks of land in the Dhofar region, could attract a further $20bn-$30bn, with awards due in early 2024.
Hydrom managing director Abdulaziz al-Shidhani has said total investments in the sector could reach $140bn by 2050, by which time the country is hoping to produce 8 million tonnes a year (t/y) of green hydrogen. There is an interim target of 1 million t/y by 2030.
Even if these investment and production targets are achieved, oil and gas will remain central elements of the Omani economy for some time. In a sign of the sector’s continuing importance, the $7bn OQ8 refinery project in Duqm is due to be completed by the end of 2023, with partners OQ and Kuwait Petroleum International aiming to process about 230,000 b/d of oil once it is up and running.
Compared to the undulations in oil and gas and the wider economy, Oman’s political scene is far more stable. Since taking over in 2020, Sultan Haitham bin Tariq al-Said has pushed economic reforms but made few changes on the political side, other than gradually adjusting some of the key personnel. In late October, he appointed new governors to take over in South Al-Batinah, North Al-Sharqiyah and Al-Wusta.
There have also been public protests in Muscat over the Gaza war, but they have been more limited than some other demonstrations in recent years, such as the protests against high unemployment and inflation seen in 2018 and 2019 in cities around the country.
As long as the government can keep the economy relatively stable, it should also be able to maintain the political equilibrium.
MEED's January 2024 special report on Oman also includes:
> BANKING: Omani banks look to projects for growth
> POWER & WATER: Oman expands grid connectivity

Exclusive from Meed
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Iraq oilfield water scheme to hit milestone next year29 October 2026
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Oman announces $790m industrial investment deals30 October 2026
Oman’s Public Authority for Special Economic Zones and Free Zones has signed 28 investment agreements worth more than RO304m ($790m) for new projects and expansions across the country’s special economic zones, free zones and industrial cities.
The agreements cover more than 2 million square metres (sq m) of land and span industrial manufacturing, food production, logistics, recycling and commercial activities.
About $383.6m of the investment has been allocated to industrial cities operated by the Public Establishment for Industrial Estates (Madayn). Sohar Free Zone accounted for $152m, followed by the Special Economic Zone at Duqm (Sezad) with $143.1m, Salalah Free Zone with $85.6m and Khazaen Economic City with more than $27m.
The projects are expected to support Oman’s efforts to diversify its economy, expand industrial production and attract private investment in line with Oman Vision 2040.
Investment deals
In Sohar Industrial City, Atlas Steel will invest more than $291.1m in a plant producing iron and steel products on a site of about 440,000 sq m.
Fujian Mancheng Industries & Investment will invest $52m in a ceramics facility covering more than 241,000 sq m. Other investments in Madayn’s industrial cities include an $18.2m phosphate and nitrogen fertiliser plant planned by Gulf Company for Organic and Biological Fertilisers in Raysut, as well as projects involving structural metal products, paper and corrugated cardboard, and oil and gas equipment and services in Raysut, Ibri and Nizwa.
In Sohar Free Zone, Sohar Automotive & Advanced Industries Company will invest $98.8m in an automobile assembly complex covering 317,000 sq m. The complex aims to attract vehicle manufacturers, automotive supply-chain companies and advanced-manufacturing businesses.
Voltamp High Voltage Transformers has announced a $39m investment in a plant that will produce power and electrical-distribution transformers for regional and international markets.
Lalan Middle East will invest a further $3.9m to expand its medical-device manufacturing facility.
ALSO READ: Oman’s Madayn prepares $637m investment drive
In Sezad, Al-Jazir Feed Plant will invest $104m in a shrimp-feed facility to support an integrated shrimp-farming project.
In Salalah Free Zone, Al-Nawras Industries will invest $50m in a steel-structures manufacturing facility, while Integrated Gypsum Company will invest $20m in gypsum-products production. Marai Dhofar will invest $15.6m in the production of Italian cheeses and other dairy products.
Projects in Khazaen Economic City include a plant by Aleemit International Services to manufacture electric-vehicle chargers and components, with an investment of more than $8.8m, and a $6.5m facility by Joger Modular Building Technologies to produce precast-concrete building components.
Additional investments in Khazaen include construction materials, ready-mix concrete, industrial units, logistics facilities and warehouses.
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Sabic swings back to profit in Q3 with $224m net income30 October 2026
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Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (Sabic) returned to profitability in the third quarter of the year, reporting adjusted net income of SR840m ($224m) as revenue and earnings improved from the previous quarter.
The Saudi chemicals giant had posted an adjusted net loss of $100m in the second quarter.
Revenue increased 14% on a quarter-on-quarter basis to $7.51bn, while adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation (Ebitda) climbed 40% to $1.27bn. Adjusted Ebitda surged 434% to $578.67m.
Sabic’s net debt stood at $808m as of 30 September compared with $728m as of 30 June.
Adjusted earnings per share rose to SR0.28 ($0.07) from a loss of SR0.13 ($0.03).
The recovery occurred despite persistent margin pressure across the global petrochemicals sector and heightened geopolitical risk in the Middle East.
Additionally, Sabic said it achieved $949.33m of its broader portfolio optimisation programme target of $3bn by 2030 in positive recurring Ebitda impact from its transformation efforts.
During the third quarter, Sabic received its Local Content Certificate for 2025 from the Local Content and Government Procurement Authority, recording a score exceeding 61% – an increase of more than nine percentage points over the prior evaluation period. The company attributed the increase to domestic procurement agreements, including a memorandum of understanding with Lenovo.
Capital projects
After several years of subdued project spending, Sabic is beginning to step up investment in new production capacity, with major projects reaching key milestones this year.
In February, affiliate Petrokemya awarded China National Chemical Engineering Group Corporation the main engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract for a new ethylene oxide catalyst production facility. The 4,000-tonne-a-year (t/y) unit at Jubail Industrial City includes catalyst carrier washing, drying facilities and associated utilities.
Major ammonia-urea complex
In September, Sabic Agri-Nutrients awarded South Korea’s Samsung E&A a $3.465bn EPC contract for its seventh production complex in Jubail Industrial City (San VII).
The project will have an annual capacity of approximately 1.2 million metric tonnes of conventional ammonia and 2.6 million tonnes of urea, integrated with a post-combustion carbon-capture unit.
The Ministry of Energy approved feedstock allocation for the project in March. San VII will expand the company’s total urea capacity by 54%, from approximately 4.8 million t/y to 7.4 million t/y.
The development reflects a shift in project scope. Originally conceived as San VI – a low-carbon facility designed to yield 1.2 million t/y of blue ammonia alongside specialised nutrients – the scheme was re-engineered as a conventional ammonia and urea plant using carbon-capture systems to manage emissions intensity.
Construction is scheduled to begin in the fourth quarter of 2026. Commissioning is slated for the third quarter of 2030, with full commercial operation targeted before year-end 2030.
Sabic Agri-Nutrients positions the project as central to its 2040 strategy to expand export market share and support international supply chains.
Greenfield methanol plant
San VII is not the only major project moving forward.
Also in September, Sabic subsidiary Saudi Methanol Company (Ar-Razi) secured feedstock approval from the Ministry of Energy to build a 1.8 million t/y greenfield methanol plant in Jubail.
The project aligns with Sabic’s focus on scale in core petrochemical chains and provides intermediate feedstock for expanding domestic downstream manufacturing.
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H&H continues to deliver Dubai projects29 October 2026

Dubai-based developer H&H has launched Water Gardens, a mixed-use development in Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC), and expects to award most of the construction contracts for its wider pipeline before summer 2027.
Water Gardens comprises four buildings designed by UK architect David Chipperfield, arranged around a central garden and pedestrian-friendly public realm. The scheme combines offices, residences, hospitality and retail offerings, including the Four Seasons Private Residences Dubai at DIFC and residences under H&H’s Eden House brand.
Construction is under way, and the developer says the project is scheduled for completion in 2028. DIFC Investments describes it as one of the final components of the original Gate District masterplan.Speaking to MEED at the launch, H&H chairman Shahab Lutfi said the office building and Eden House are due for completion in about 18 months. The Four Seasons residences are scheduled for delivery at the end of 2028, with a five-star hotel following later.
Water Gardens is one of several projects H&H has under way. The company undertakes a selective portfolio of high-end real estate developments in prime locations in Dubai. These include the Carlyle Residences in DIFC; an Eden Hills villa community in Mohammed Bin Rashid City; and Dubai Peninsula, a waterfront scheme in the Jumeirah area that will include hotels operated by Aman and Rosewood.
“We are awarding day in, day out,” says Lutfi. “I think we are awarding most of our contracts from now until summer next year.”
Most of the company’s construction volume is in DIFC and Dubai Peninsula, with the Eden Hills villas accounting for a smaller share. Lutfi says H&H is talking to several of the emirate’s biggest contractors about upcoming packages.
We are awarding [contracts] day in, day out
Staged procurement
H&H is managing cost pressures by splitting up its procurement. It awards main contracts covering concrete works with a large number of provisional sums, then tenders further packages as designs are completed. “We are taking on some of the risk, but we know how to manage the risk instead of just offloading it on the contract,” says Lutfi.
He does not expect construction costs to fall in the next 12 months. Global inflation, driven by fuel prices and logistics costs, is already factored into the company’s plans.
“Waiting and trying to award at a cheaper price is not an option for us,” he says.
Lutfi says rising costs need not erode margins for developers that keep unsold stock to sell at higher prices later in a project. Developers that sell out early are more exposed. “If you have already sold out two years ago, you are hurting your profitability,” he says.
H&H is comfortable leaving 15%-20% of a project to sell on completion. The market usually expects developers to sell out before handover.
The company has not revised its masterplans or product mix in response to market conditions and continues to focus on large units.
Supply chains have been a challenge this year, but Lutfi says the company is over that hurdle. H&H has sourced more materials locally and planned logistics further in advance.
Materials are reaching Dubai through bonded routes from Oman, Fujairah and Khor Fakkan in the UAE, and Jeddah in Saudi Arabia.
“It takes a little bit longer, but at least things are coming in,” he says.
H&H relies on a relatively small group of contractors that work on most of its projects, and treats them as long-term partners.
Lutfi says contractors are attracted by the company’s financial stability and volume of work. “That can keep some people busy for the next five or six years,” he says.
Lutfi notes that sales in the Dubai market have dropped, although enquiries have picked up since the summer as buyers weigh whether it is the right time to purchase. The distressed sales that some had expected have not materialised.
“A 5% discount in some units is not really a distress sale,” he says. “It is just someone trying to get a discount because of the region’s situation, which actually builds confidence.”
For Water Gardens, H&H has sold 85% of Four Seasons Private Residences Dubai at DIFC since sales began in 2024. The company launched sales at the Carlyle Residences before the regional disruption and has since sold units one-to-one to selected clients. More Four Seasons units have been sold in the past two weeks.
“Branding makes a big difference,” says Lutfi.
The company markets its branded residences through a global network of brokers rather than via public campaigns or launch events. Eden Hills, which is aimed mainly at Dubai residents, is marketed more widely.
Lutfi expects buyers to be more cautious about buying off-plan. H&H is building new sales centres at Dubai Peninsula and in DIFC so that clients can see the product before they commit.
“People have to come in, know exactly what they are buying, and they will feel comfortable paying the price – instead of just having a pretty brochure,” he says.
He expects demand for villas to become more local and regional, while branded residences will continue to attract international buyers.
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Riyadh Expo sets November bid deadline for Souq construction29 October 2026

Expo 2030 Riyadh Company (ERC), responsible for delivering the Expo 2030 Riyadh venue, has allowed contractors until 11 November to submit bids for a contract to deliver the Souq areas within the Expo site.
The tender was floated on 30 July, with an initial submission deadline of 9 October.
The Souq areas are divided into five distinct precincts, with a total development area of about 300,000 square metres (sq m).
The scope includes the five precincts and their associated vertical elements, infrastructure and public realm works.
The precincts comprise:
- Precinct 1 – The Icon: 41,417 sq m
- Precinct 2 – Place & Planet: 62,306 sq m
- Precinct 3 – Culture of Wisdom: 67,112 sq m
- Precinct 4 – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: 45,967 sq m
- Precinct 5 – Adaptation & Innovation: 82,358 sq m
The package will interface with three public parks. It will also tie into the Natural Corridor, including bridges.
The Souq areas will form a mixed-use destination at the centre of Expo 2030 Riyadh, connecting the site’s iconic and thematic assets.
The development will include rented and partnership pavilions, alongside a range of food and beverage, retail and visitor-experience offerings.
Site progress
Construction activity at the Expo site is accelerating, with Riyadh moving to award its first major vertical contracts and advancing infrastructure works across the programme.
Earlier this month, Saudi Arabia’s Royal Commission for Riyadh City awarded a design-and-build contract to build a new metro station serving the Expo 2030 site.
In April, ERC awarded two contracts to local firm Al-Yamama Company for the next phase of infrastructure works at the site.
The scope covered the construction of road networks and infrastructure for water, sewage, electricity, telecommunications and electric vehicle charging.
These awards followed ERC’s January award of an estimated SR1bn ($267m) contract for initial infrastructure works at the site to local firm Nesma & Partners.
That scope covered about 50 kilometres of integrated infrastructure networks, including internal roads and essential utilities such as water, sewage, electrical and communications systems, and electric vehicle charging stations.
The masterplan covers 6 square kilometres, making it one of the largest sites ever designated for a World Expo event. Situated to the north of the Saudi capital, the site will be located near the future King Salman International airport and will provide direct access to landmarks within Riyadh.
The Public Investment Fund, Saudi Arabia’s sovereign wealth vehicle, launched ERC – a wholly owned subsidiary – in June 2025 to build and operate facilities for Expo 2030.
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Iraq oilfield water scheme to hit milestone next year29 October 2026

China Petroleum Pipeline Engineering (CPP) expects to start laying pipeline for Iraq’s Common Seawater Supply Project (CSSP) in Basra in mid- or late next year, according to industry sources.
The project is behind schedule, partly because importing sections of pipeline is proving challenging due to disruptions to shipping through the Strait of Hormuz.
The project is being managed by state-owned Basra Oil Company (BOC), with Australia’s ILF acting as a project management consultant after completing the front-end engineering design (feed).
Under current plans, the pipelines will be buried, which is expected to make them more secure than if they were installed on the surface.
Phased development
The client for the first phase of the CSSP is France’s TotalEnergies in partnership with QatarEnergy and BOC.
The first phase is split into two packages currently under execution and will ultimately have the capacity to transport 5 million barrels a day (b/d) of water.
The first package focuses on developing pipelines, and the second on developing a water treatment facility.
CPP is executing the pipeline package contract.
It signed a $2.5bn contract with BOC for the package in September last year.
Also in September 2025, South Korea’s Hyundai announced that it had signed a contract worth 4.39tn won ($3.16bn) for the processing plant package.
In September this year, MEED reported that early groundworks had started for both packages of the first phase of the CSSP.
Phase one of the project is scheduled to start up in late 2028 or early 2029.
Earlier this month, US-headquartered Exxon Mobil signed a memorandum of understanding related to the project’s second phase, which is expected to add 2.5 million b/d of water capacity.
The CSSP will inject processed water into several of Iraq’s biggest oil fields. These include Rumaila, Zubair, West Qurna 1, West Qurna 2 and Majnoon. Water from the project will also be used in the Maysan and Dhi Qar fields.
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