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Middle East defence spending accelerates

7 May 2023

 

Global military spending reached a record high of $2.24tn in 2022, up 3.7 per cent year-on-year, according to newly compiled data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), as the Ukraine war and tensions in East Asia prompted governments to ramp up their investment in equipment.

It marks the eighth consecutive year of growth in global defence expenditure. The sharpest rise was in Europe, where there was a 13 per cent increase in spending, but the Middle East and North Africa (Mena) region was not far behind, with an 11.2 per cent rise on the previous year.

“The continuous rise in global military expenditure in recent years is a sign that we are living in an increasingly insecure world,” said Nan Tian, a senior researcher with SIPRI’s military expenditure and arms production programme.

“States are bolstering military strength in response to a deteriorating security environment, which they do not foresee improving in the near future.”

Rising regional outlay

The rise in the Mena region’s total to $168bn was mostly due to an increase in spending by Saudi Arabia and Qatar and, to a lesser extent, Lebanon and Iran.

As has long been the case, Saudi Arabia dominated the picture, with a defence outlay of $75bn in 2022 – up 16 per cent on the year before and its first increase since 2018.

Military spending data for the Middle East is often opaque. Other large spenders, according to SIPRI’s database, include Israel ($23.4bn), Qatar ($15.4bn), Algeria ($9.1bn), Kuwait ($8.2bn), Iran ($6.8bn) and Oman ($5.8bn).

However, the institute has no estimates for a number of other countries, most notably the UAE. Its most recent figure for the UAE is for 2014, at which point the defence budget was an estimated $22.8bn, the region’s second-biggest after Saudi Arabia that year.

There are also no current estimates for defence spending by the countries suffering the greatest instability, including Libya, Sudan, Syria and Yemen.

Others have drawn up figures for the UAE, though. The London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) estimated the UAE’s defence spend was $20.4bn last year in its recently published Military Balance 2023 report. That marked a 6 per cent rise on the previous year’s estimate.

While the UAE may not have the largest budget in the region, IISS says its armed forces are “arguably the best trained and most capable of all GCC states”.

Unclear Iranian picture

The outlay by Iran is also a matter of some debate, given the questions over the value of the rial and the country’s high inflation rate of around 40 per cent.

SIPRI says that, in local currency terms, Iran’s defence spending grew by 38 per cent to IR1,988tn in 2022. That is equivalent to some $46.9bn at the government’s official exchange rate, but far less at the open market rate used by SIPRI.

Inflationary pressures have become a common concern for countries around the world, even if few are having to cope with price rises as rapid as in Iran. Many Western countries are also dealing with an energy supply crisis due to the war in Ukraine, which has led to prices spiking upwards and sanctions being imposed on Moscow.

The Middle East’s oil exporters have benefitted from elevated oil prices, making it easier to afford the rise in defence spending.

However, the most notable direct consequence of the conflict in Ukraine for the Middle East has been the surge in military cooperation that has followed between Russia and Iran. Moscow’s failure to quickly take control of Ukraine has led to a drawn-out conflict and, as its weapons inventory has become depleted, it has imported drones from Iran to fill in some of the gaps.

That cooperation may yet extend in the other direction, with Iranian media reporting in March a potential deal for Tehran to receive Russian Sukhoi Su-35 fighter jets. Iran will also have gained useful information about the performance of its Shahed 131, Shahed 136 and Mohajer-6 drones in the war.

Lingering Gulf concerns

Such developments will likely concern other Gulf governments, even if regional tensions have eased somewhat due to the rapprochement between Saudi Arabia and Iran, announced via a China-brokered agreement in March.

That fits into a broader regional trend for de-escalation and diplomatic advances. Recent talks between Saudi officials and Yemen’s Houthi rebels in Sanaa could yet pave the way to resolving that conflict – further discussions between the two sides are due to take place in May, possibly in Muscat.

The levels of violence in Libya and Syria have also been on a downward trajectory over the past year, but both remain susceptible to further outbreaks of fighting, as does Iraq.

Elsewhere, though, relations between Algeria and Morocco remain problematic, and the prospects of any peace deal between the Israelis and Palestinians look as distant as ever with the hardline government of Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in office.

Any reduction in regional tensions will be a welcome development given the high burden of defence spending on local economies. As IISS points out, many Mena countries’ defence budgets are very large relative to the size of their economies.

As has long been the case, Oman spends more as a proportion of its GDP than any other country in the region, with its 2022 outlay equivalent to 5.9 per cent of GDP, according to IISS calculations.

It is followed by Kuwait at 5 per cent and Saudi Arabia at 4.5 per cent.

The average for the region is 3.8 per cent of GDP, more than double the global average of 1.7 per cent. The overall trend for rising budgets means that the economic burden is unlikely to fall away any time soon.

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Dominic Dudley

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    In Oman, majority state-owned Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) and its partners are similarly focused on gas processing, compression and network upgrades to sustain supplies to power generation, industrial users and LNG.


    Saudi Aramco is expanding gas-processing and NGL infrastructure as domestic demand grows

    Leading spender

    The Mena region has seen significant spending on gas processing projects so far in 2026, with year-to-date capital expenditure (capex) exceeding levels recorded in any year since at least 2015.

    Adnoc Gas, the natural gas processing business of Adnoc Group, has been the biggest spender this year, following final investment decisions (FIDs) on the second and third phases of its Rich Gas Development (RGD) programme, worth a total of $8.2bn. The FIDs are part of the company’s previously committed $28bn capex budget for 2026-30.

    The second phase of the RGD programme relates to the construction of a new gas processing train at the Habshan gas processing complex, while the third phase covers an NGL fractionation train at the Ruwais gas processing facility.

    In its Q2 2026 financial results, Adnoc Gas said China-based Wison Engineering had secured the $3.9bn EPC contract for phase two of the RGD, while Italian contractor Tecnimont was selected for the $4.3bn phase three contract.

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    Adnoc Gas also reiterated its $5bn capex for the first phase of the RGD scheme, which is under construction. The company awarded $5bn in engineering, procurement and construction management contracts in three tranches for phase one of the RGD in June 2025, marking its largest-ever capital investment in a single project.

    Across all three phases, Adnoc Gas has made a total investment of $13.2bn in the RGD programme.

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    Saudi Aramco spent $7.7bn on EPC contract awards on the Fadhili gas processing plant expansion in 2024. The project is set to increase the Fadhili gas plant’s processing capacity from 2.5 billion cubic feet a day (cf/d) to up to 4 billion cf/d through the addition of three processing trains, each with a capacity of 500 million cf/d.

    Following its significant capex on the Fadhili expansion, the Saudi energy giant is moving ahead with contract awards this year for various EPC packages under a wider project to boost gas compression capacity at the Shedgum and Uthmaniyah processing plants in the Eastern Province.

    The two plants currently receive about 870 million cf/d and 1.2 billion cf/d of Khuff raw gas, respectively. Through the multibillion-dollar project, Aramco aims to increase their compression and processing capacity and build new pipelines to improve gas transportation.

    Aramco has divided the scope of work on the Shedgum and Uthmaniyah gas compression project into nine EPC packages. It awarded the Uthmaniyah gas compression plant package to locally based Saipem Nasser Saeed Al-Hajri Contracting Company (SNSH), a joint venture of Italian contractor Saipem and local contractor Nasser Saeed Al-Hajri & Partners Company for Contracting.

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    Further awards are expected for gas treatment trains, sulphur units, NGL recovery, gas compression and pipeline infrastructure, particularly where projects support petrochemical integration, reduce flaring and increase domestic gas supplies.

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    While the agreement does not determine which company will build Saudi Arabia’s first reactors, it creates a clearer route for US firms to participate in the kingdom’s civilian nuclear programme, subject to the necessary regulatory and congressional approvals.

    Nuclear is set to play an increasingly important role in the GCC’s long-term power projects pipeline

    Flagship project

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    US nuclear technology company Westinghouse was previously involved in the Duwaiheen project procurement, although it had dropped out of the race by March 2025, according to sources.

    The US nuclear industry’s own revival could help to strengthen its ability to compete in overseas markets. Westinghouse confidentially filed for a US initial public offering in July, highlighting renewed investor interest as Washington seeks to broaden investment in the sector.

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    Beyond the reactor

    While the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract for the reactor will be the programme’s highest-profile award, it is only one element of the wider investment needed to establish a civilian nuclear industry. Nuclear programmes require extensive ecosystems of supporting infrastructure, specialist engineering capabilities, fuel supply, workforce development and regulatory oversight that extends well beyond construction.

    This is illustrated by the UAE’s Barakah programme, which entered commercial operations in September 2024. According to Emirates Nuclear Energy Company (Enec), more than 2,000 UAE firms have secured contracts worth over $6.7bn supporting the construction, operations and maintenance of the Barakah plant.

    Enec says the programme has helped develop a local nuclear supply chain, while the plant’s long-term operation continues to create opportunities in maintenance, spare parts and other services. 

    In July 2025, Enec and Westinghouse signed an agreement to explore fuel supply chain cooperation and the expansion of Westinghouse’s support for operations and maintenance at Barakah.

    Saudi Arabia has also made clear that its ambitions extend beyond large commercial reactors. The kingdom’s long-term strategy includes plans for SMRs, the development of domestic uranium resources and elements of the nuclear fuel cycle.

    Energy Minister Prince Abdulaziz Bin Salman has said Saudi Arabia intends to use its domestic uranium resources across the nuclear fuel cycle, including in the production of yellowcake and low-enriched uranium. 

    These plans could significantly broaden the future projects market in the kingdom. In addition to power generation assets, opportunities could emerge in uranium exploration, mining, processing, fuel services, research facilities, specialist manufacturing and long-term operations and maintenance.

    The kingdom’s long-term strategy includes plans for SMRs, the development of domestic uranium resources and elements of the nuclear fuel cycle

    Regional outlook

    Saudi Arabia’s programme forms part of a broader shift towards civilian nuclear energy across the Gulf. 

    The UAE has already demonstrated the region’s ability to develop, finance and operate large-scale nuclear infrastructure through the 5.6GW Barakah nuclear power plant, which now supplies approximately a quarter of the country’s electricity through its four installed units.

    The country’s next nuclear expansion is at an early stage. Additional nuclear capacity of 2.8GW is not expected to be installed until 2039, implying procurement discussions could begin next year.

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    Dubai Municipality has extended bid submission deadlines for three tenders linked to stormwater and sewerage infrastructure projects serving Hind City, Dubailand and surrounding areas.

    The projects (DS-316-C1, TF-24-C1 and TF-25-C1) cover drainage networks for Hind 4, connections to the stormwater network in Dubailand and a stormwater trunk line serving Hind 3, Hind 4 and Umm Al-Daman.

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    The municipality’s Sewerage and Recycled Water Projects Department issued the tenders in August. Hind 3 and Hind 4 are two of four zones within Hind City. The Dubai government renamed the Al-Minhad area and surrounding areas as Hind City in 2023. The 83.9-square-kilometre area is served by Emirates Road, Dubai-Al-Ain Road and Jebel Ali-Lehbab Road.

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    The wider Tasreef programme is intended to increase Dubai’s rainwater drainage capacity by 700% by 2033 and provide capacity for the emirate’s needs for the next 100 years.

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    Mark Dowdall
  • Saudi Arabia redirects towards AI

    1 September 2026

    Commentary
    Colin Foreman
    Editor

    The groundbreaking by Humain and DataVolt at Oxagon this month signals where Saudi Arabia’s project spending is heading.

    Over the past year, the dominant story has been reprioritisation, following Neom’s loss of the Asian Winter Games and the cancellation of contracts at Trojena and The Line. While the negative headlines have attracted international attention, it is important to remember that spending has not stopped. Instead, it has changed course, and artificial intelligence (AI) and the new economy are increasingly where it is going.

    The old economy still has a role to play. Over the next eight years, Expo 2030 and the 2034 Fifa World Cup will keep the construction market busy. Looking further ahead, however, the longer-term opportunity lies elsewhere. AI and the wider new economy could sustain a pipeline of construction work that outlasts the events – from data centres and their power supply to the industrial and digital infrastructure that surrounds them.

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    Whether it pays off is far from settled. Data centre economics depend on customers, chips and reliable power, and Saudi Arabia is a late entrant to a crowded field.

    For construction, the transition will be uneven, and some parts of the projects market will feel the redeployment before they feel the benefit. But for a market that has spent a year dealing with the impact of cancelled contracts and project slowdowns, a clearer sense of where the money is going next is a positive sign.

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    Colin Foreman
  • Petrojet signs Jordan gas pipeline contract

    1 September 2026

    Egypt’s Petrojet has signed a new contract to deliver a natural gas pipeline project in Jordan, according to a statement from the company.

    The pipeline network will connect the Al-Muwaqqar Industrial Development Zone, south of Amman, to Jordan’s natural gas network.

    The contract was signed by Saleh Al-Kharabsheh, Jordan’s minister of energy and mineral resources, and Walid Lotfy, the chairman of Petrojet.

    The project covers the engineering, procurement, construction and installation of approximately 22 kilometres of natural gas pipelines, including connection to the Arab Gas Pipeline.

    It also includes developing gas pressure reduction and metering stations, as well as a pig launcher and receiver facility.

    The contract has an 18-month execution period.

    In its statement, Petrojet said the project would further strengthen its international portfolio and demonstrate its engineering, construction and project-execution capabilities across regional and global markets.

    The invitation to bid on the project was issued in June this year.

    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/19219983/main.jpg
    Wil Crisp