Water sector braces for likely slowdown
27 December 2024

Geopolitical tensions, climate change and higher-than-average population growth have exacerbated the water demand and supply gap across the Middle East and North Africa (Mena) region, home to some of the world’s most water-stressed countries.
For example, Jordan, where available water per capita is equivalent to only 12% of the absolute water scarcity level, hosts over 700,000 refugees fleeing wars and conflicts in neighbouring countries.
Most regional governments have developed and started to implement water strategies aimed at narrowing this gap. Subsidies are being phased out, environmental campaigns are being developed and digital solutions are being deployed in order to manage demand and improve efficiency.
Expanding desalination and treatment capacity, increasing treated sewage effluent (TSE) reuse, boosting reservoir capacity and building more efficient transmission and distribution networks are key levers used to improve supply.
Strong spending
These efforts have prompted significant capital spending on more energy-efficient water production, distribution and storage facilities, typically in partnership with private investors, particularly among the more affluent states.
According to data from regional projects tracker MEED Projects, the Mena region awarded $17bn of project contracts across the water desalination, treatment, transmission and distribution, storage and district cooling subsectors in the first nine months of 2024.
This figure represents about 72% of the contracts awarded in 2023 and is slightly above the average value of annual contract awards in the preceding five years.
With only a few more packages expected to be awarded before the end of the year, 2024 looks set to be one of the best years so far in terms of water project activity, even if it fails to match the record value of contracts awarded in 2023, which reached almost $24bn.
In 2024, Saudi gigaproject developer Neom set the pace in January by awarding a $4.7bn contract to build dams at the Trojena Mountain Resort in Tabuk to Italian contractor WeBuild.
The contract covers the construction of three dams that will form a freshwater lake for the Trojena ski resort. The main dam will have a height of 145 metres and will be 475 metres long at its crest. It will be built using 2.7 million cubic metres of roller compact concrete.
While this project does not necessarily belong to the band of solutions that aim to narrow the water supply and demand gap, the overall development is part of Saudi Arabia’s drive to boost tourism and diversify its economy away from oil.
Meanwhile, 2024 also saw the award by UAE northern emirate utility Sharjah Electricity, Water & Gas Authority of the contract to develop its first independent water project (IWP), the 400,000 cubic-metres-a-day facility in Hamriyah, to Saudi utility developer Acwa Power, the contract’s sole bidder.
In May, Saudi Arabia’s National Water Company announced that it had completed the award of 10 contracts under the first phase of its privatisation programme. Each rehabilitate, operate and transfer contract involves the retrofitting or expansion of existing sewage treatment plants and associated network, and their long-term operation and management. The facilities are expected to deliver water at the TSE level for irrigation reuse.
On the greenfield sewage treatment front, Saudi Water Partnership Company (SWPC) awarded a $400m contract to develop the Al-Haer independent sewage treatment plant (ISTP) project to a team comprising the local Miahona Company and Belgium’s Besix. The facility is the largest and first to be tendered under the third round of the water offtaker’s ISTP procurement programme.
In September, Chennai-headquartered VA Tech Wabag confirmed it had won a $317m contract to build the Ras Al-Khair seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) facility in Saudi Arabia using an engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) model. The project client is Saudi Water Authority (SWA), formerly Saline Water Conversion Corporation.
In Oman, Nama Water Services awarded two water distribution network packages, worth a combined $600m, catering to Al-Dhahirah Governorate.
Jordan also appointed a team comprising Paris-based Meridiam, Suez and Vinci Construction Grands Projets, along with Egypt’s Orascom Construction, for the contract to develop the Aqaba-Amman water conveyance and desalination scheme. It is the country’s largest infrastructure project to date and the first phase is valued at an estimated $2bn-$3bn.
The project is crucial to addressing Jordan’s severe water shortage problem, piping desalinated water over 445 kilometres from the southern Red Sea coast to the country’s northern regions. The consortium is talking to lenders and aims to reach financial close for the project in 2025.
Slower momentum
Despite 2024 being a good year for contract awards, it fell short of the expectation built over the past few years, when the region’s largest economies began to execute their long-term water strategies.
For example, in Saudi Arabia, the years-long restructuring of the domestic water sector took a significant turn in 2024, with Water Transmission Company (WTCO), the kingdom’s licensed desalinated water transmission operator, gaining a broader portfolio of projects. As a result, the mandate to procure upcoming water transmission pipelines has been transferred to WTCO from SWPC.
The slower pace of IWP contract awards in Saudi Arabia was somewhat offset by a slew of tenders from SWA. The authority received bids for the EPC contracts to build four SWRO facilities in 2024, although as of November it had only managed to award one.
Earlier in 2024, Saudi gigaproject developer Neom also shelved a project to develop a zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) SWRO plant.
“The year may not have been as strong as 2023, but it is still a good year,” says Robert Bryniak, CEO of Dubai-based Golden Sands Management (Marketing) Consulting. “Some projects have been delayed or cancelled – for instance a few in Saudi Arabia – but all in all [2024 has been] a good year for the water business.”
Bryniak adds that Neom’s ZLD scheme is one of the year’s shelved projects that he would like to see revived in the future.
Beyond the GCC states, Morocco and Egypt are endeavouring to move their planned SWRO projects into the tendering phase.
In Morocco, Office National de L’Electricite et de L’Eue Potable (Onee) extended the review of its second IWP in Nador while waiting for its first IWP in Casablanca to reach financial close.
The first batch of renewable energy- powered desalination plants in Egypt has yet to reach the proposals stage despite the Sovereign Fund of Egypt having completed the bid prequalification process in 2023.

Potential contract awards
According to data from MEED Projects, an estimated $34bn-worth of water projects are in the tendering stage across the Mena region. A further $40bn-worth is in the prequalification stage and $57bn is in the design and study phases.
The $22bn Dubai Strategic Sewerage Tunnels (DSST) scheme stands out among the upcoming projects due to its scale, as well as for the chosen procurement approach.
The project aims to convert Dubai’s existing sewerage network from a pumped system to a gravity system by decommissioning the existing pump stations and providing a sustainable and reliable service that is fit for the future.
In April, Dubai Municipality launched the procurement process for the DSST project, which is to be developed as a public-private partnership (PPP).
While a dose of pessimism persists over the chosen PPP model – in part due to the project’s scale and strong civil works orientation, and Dubai’s dismal track record in procuring PPP schemes outside the utility sector – the project has managed to attract strong interest from EPC contractors, as well as from potential investors and sponsors.
Some of those that have sought to prequalify as investors, such as Begium’s Besix, Beijing-headquartered China Railway Construction Corporation and South Korea’s Samsung C&T, have previously been prequalified as EPC contractors for the DSST project, which suggests that the preferred approach of prequalifying EPCs ahead of investors could offer advantages.
In Saudi Arabia, WTCO, SWA, SWPC and Neom’s utility subsidiary Enowa are each expected to let several contracts in 2025, while Bahrain and Abu Dhabi could award one IWP contract each.
However, a robust overall pipeline does not necessarily guarantee that 2025 will resemble the upward trajectory that the sector has seen in the past two years.
“This year could be a turning point for the water industry throughout Mena,” says Bryniak, alluding to the possibility that, come January, the foreign and climate policies of the new occupant of the White House could affect the trend of water production capacity buildout in the Mena region.
Bryniak says that if US President-elect Donald Trump follows through with his promises, then we may be in store for, among other events, lower energy prices as the US drills more oil; a dampening of world trade as the US places tariffs on imports, especially on Chinese goods and services; less focus on the environment; and, generally, a more isolationist America.
“In my view, much depends on how much oil prices fall,” he continues.
“A significant drop in oil prices could result in cut-backs in a lot of development projects, and this, in turn, will adversely impact water demand and the overall build programme.”
However, the impact will not be uniform across asset types and procurement models, Bryniak notes. He expects water PPP projects to continue to grow, especially if capital availability is reduced by lower oil prices, as this is one way to preserve capital for use in other areas.
“I do not see any reason for tariffs to fall further in 2025. Tariffs, in my view, will remain roughly where they are now or increase slightly,” adds Bryniak.
However, the executive says that EPC contracts will likely have “a higher opportunity cost”, so there might be a reduced focus on this type of procurement model.
He concludes: “To the extent that development projects get trimmed down due to less capital being available as a result of significantly lower oil prices, then water procurers and other developers will likely scale back their projects.”
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For all the talk of cancellations, Neom completed its biggest project yet in August, commissioning the $8.5bn Neom Green Hydrogen project.
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The shift in language also matters, since PIF has been at pains to stress that no Neom projects have been formally cancelled, even as billions of dollars of contracts have been terminated or re-scoped over the past two years.
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There have been increasing signs that Oxagon is taking precedence over the rest of the giga-portfolio
Conflict acceleration
The reprioritisation was already under way before the region’s latest conflict began. PIF has spent the past two years pushing Neom to identify which elements of the gigaproject were fundamental and which were aspirational, a process that has as much to do with capital discipline as geopolitics.
With the fund committing to direct roughly 80% of its $925bn portfolio towards domestic investment, while simultaneously funding Expo 2030 and the 2034 World Cup, Riyadh needed its flagship projects to start showing commercial returns rather than absorbing capital indefinitely.
Oxagon, with a port, an export-ready hydrogen plant and land that could be leased to industrial tenants, was always the part of Neom best placed to answer that requirement, and the regional conflict that began in late February only accelerated the shift. The closure of the Strait of Hormuz to a fraction of its normal commercial throughput has hit Saudi Arabia’s oil export capacity hard and pushed the kingdom into a sizeable quarterly fiscal deficit.
Riyadh has also had to contend with direct disruption to its own energy infrastructure, including the temporary closure of the East-West oil pipeline following drone strikes. Against that backdrop, an industrial city with its own deep-water port on the Red Sea, outside the Strait of Hormuz chokepoint, has taken on added strategic weight.
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Construction ramps up
The clearest evidence of that pivot is what has actually broken ground at Oxagon recently. At a time when Neom’s recent news flow has been about contract terminations, Oxagon’s has been about starts.
The most visible of these is the artificial intelligence (AI) data-centre campus being developed by Humain, the PIF-owned AI company, in partnership with digital infrastructure developer DataVolt.
Construction on the first 100MW of a planned 360MW first phase began this year, as part of a wider 1.5GW campus that builds on the companies’ original 2025 agreement, backed by roughly $5bn of investment. The facility is designed to draw on Oxagon’s pre-zoned industrial land, renewable power and subsea cable links to Europe and Africa, with the first 100MW targeted for service in 2028.
For Neom, the project answers a question that has dogged the gigaproject for years: namely, what, beyond real estate and tourism, Oxagon actually sells.
Connectivity is following the same pattern. Neom issued an expression of interest in September for consultancy services to plan a freight rail line of more than 400km linking the Port of Neom at Oxagon to Saudi Arabia Railways’ North-South Railway at the Al-Baseeta junction.
The North-South network currently serves the kingdom’s phosphate and bauxite mining sector, running from Al-Jalamid and Baitha to the Gulf coast industrial cluster around Ras Al-Khair, Jubail and Dammam, with branches to Riyadh and the Jordanian border.
A connection to Oxagon would give that network a second maritime outlet on the Red Sea and would finally give the Port of Neom a direct rail link into the kingdom’s interior, something it has lacked since operations began in 2022.
Cargo currently depends on road transport or an additional sea leg, a constraint that has limited the port’s usefulness beyond a regional hub.
Utilities work is quietly keeping pace with the more visible projects. Neom has tendered an industrial wastewater treatment plant at Oxagon, with proposals due in early October. The scheme has an initial capacity of 35,000 cubic metres a day, (cm/d) expandable to a maximum of 45,000 cm/d as demand grows.
The plant is expected to cater to the wider industrial developments planned at Oxagon and points towards it developing into a full-fledged industrial cluster rather than a single-phase development.
Road infrastructure has moved in parallel. A design-and-build tender is currently out for the permanent upgrade of Oxagon’s Highway 55, which connects the Red Sea coast with the mainland in northwestern Saudi Arabia.
It currently serves as the only road providing north-south connectivity between Duba and the Neom region. The project is expected to support the anticipated increase in construction activity at Oxagon and facilitate the movement of cargo vehicles from Duba Port to other parts of the country and the wider region.
These construction packages represent the unglamorous groundwork needed before an industrial city can function at scale, and that foundational build-out is already being mirrored in Neom’s external connectivity. In April, a new multimodal logistics corridor linking Europe, Egypt, Neom and the GCC was enabled, offering a faster and more flexible route for European cargo entering the region.
The most advanced element of the build-out remains the port itself. Dutch marine contractor Boskalis has completed the deepening and widening of the main access channel, and Belgian contractor Besix has finished more than 4.6km of quay wall across seven berths, some with draughts of up to 18.5 metres.
The Terminal 1 development, a 900-metre, fully automated container facility designed to be one of the first ports in the kingdom to use automated ship-to-shore cranes, is being phased in through 2026. This will take capacity from the port’s current 250,000 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) towards a 2030 target of 1.5 million TEUs, and an eventual ambition of 12 million TEUs once fully built out. The facility has been described as an accelerator for the kind of integrated, end-to-end supply chain the wider Oxagon concept was built around.
A development this capital-intensive will require continued private and foreign investment
Project rationale
Set against the rest of Neom’s portfolio, Oxagon’s advantage stands out. It has the potential to produce things that can be sold, shipped or leased within a timeframe investors and government auditors can underwrite.
Green hydrogen converted into green ammonia for export; port capacity sold by the container; data-centre capacity sold by the megawatt; industrial land leased by the hectare. These are conventional infrastructure economics, not the largely unprecedented urban-planning bet represented by The Line or other components of the wider Neom masterplan.
There is also a coherence to Oxagon’s individual pieces that is harder to find elsewhere in the Neom story. A port needs rail and road connections to move cargo inland. An AI data-centre campus needs power, land and subsea connectivity – things an industrial port city is well placed to provide. A green hydrogen plant needs an export terminal close by. Each project reinforces the case for the others, in a way that an industrial city announced in 2021 as one vision among several has arguably never quite managed to replicate.
Oxagon is not without risk. Schedules have already slipped once, and a development this capital-intensive will require continued private and foreign investment if its backers are serious about reducing direct funding exposure.
The direction of travel this year has been positive. With the green hydrogen plant entering commissioning, a hyperscale AI campus breaking ground, a new rail corridor being planned and a port moving towards its next phase, Oxagon is reinforcing its position as one of the kingdom’s flagship projects for the future.
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Contractors submit bids for Oxagon Highway 55 upgrade29 September 2026

Contractors submitted bids on 28 September for a design-and-build contract to upgrade Highway 55 in Saudi Arabia’s Oxagon region.
The first phase of the project includes the construction of 14 kilometres of road with two lanes in each direction, as well as one bridge and three interchanges.
The project duration is 22 months.
Highway 55 connects the Red Sea coast with the mainland in northwestern Saudi Arabia. It is currently the only road providing north-south connectivity between Duba and the Neom region.
MEED reported exclusively in August last year that contractors had submitted responses to an expression of interest notice that Neom issued earlier that month.
The project is expected to support cargo movement from Duba Port to other parts of the kingdom and the wider region.
Last year, Neom tested a pilot initiative by handling a shipment that travelled from Cairo via the Port of Safaga, across the Red Sea to the Port of Neom, and then inland to Erbil, Iraq.
In a statement, Neom said: “The shipment travelled through an intermodal corridor spanning over 900 kilometres, marking a significant milestone in the kingdom’s transformation into a regional and global logistics hub.”
The Port of Neom is located on the Red Sea near the Arar border, a key entry point into Iraq.
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