Legacy building at Diriyah
1 August 2024
It is impossible to talk about Saudi Arabia’s history without referencing Diriyah. Founded in 1446 in the Wadi Hanifa valley on the western outskirts of Riyadh, the historic town was the first capital of the Al-Saud dynasty and the launchpad for the kingdom’s unification campaign at the turn of the 20th century. In recognition, its central Turaif district was inscribed as a Unesco World Heritage site in 2010.
Today, the mud-brick settlement, built in the distinctive Najdi architectural style, has lent its name to one of the world’s most ambitious transformative developments. Sensitively conserving and building on its historical importance, it has created a unique cultural, educational, residential and tourism hub in the capital.
With an official budget of some $63bn, Diriyah is one of Saudi Arabia’s five official gigaprojects. It has held this label since early 2023, when responsibility for its development was handed to Diriyah Company, a project company formed as a Public Investment Fund (PIF) subsidiary a year earlier.
Covering an area of 14 square kilometres, Diriyah is targeting a population of 100,000 by its stated completion date of 2030. With more than 40 hotels, nine museums, 400 luxury boutiques, 100-plus restaurants and multiple educational institutions, it hopes to draw in more than 50 million annual visits.
Progress since ground was first broken four years ago has been rapid. As of May 2024, more than SR53bn ($14.1bn)-worth of construction contracts had been awarded. Today, visitors to the area can see hundreds of mobile cranes, plant and piling equipment rising over the boundary wall.
“We are in a good place,” says Mohammed Saad, Diriyah Company’s chief development officer. “We’ve finished our essential underground infrastructure and civil works, the super basement and all the tunnels that connect the basements together.”
But the real work has only just begun. Saad says a further SR30bn-35bn is scheduled to be awarded by the end of 2024, rising to SR40bn-45bn in 2025. By the end of this year, the public can expect to see substantial above-ground construction, particularly on the western side of the gigaproject, providing more tangible evidence of its advancement, which until now has been primarily below ground.
This is not to say that any vertical assets will be particularly tall. Because of the district's traditional low-rise nature, any building must be no higher than the historic structures. It should also emulate the Najdi style. For the same reason, most of the essential infrastructure, utilities and roads are hidden below ground.
Major project scopes
A significant step was made in early July when Diriyah Company awarded an estimated $2bn contract to a joint venture of El-Seif Engineering & Contracting and China State to build the North Cultural District. The deal, the largest let on the gigaproject to date, covers multiple assets, including hotels, the King Salman Foundation Library, King Salman University and the House of Saud Museum.
The work was originally planned as multiple construction packages until Diriyah Company took the commercial decision last year to bundle them into one contract. The decision to adopt super packages was driven by a dynamic market in which contractors have been almost overwhelmed with the volume of tenders from various gigaprojects and where cost inflation is taking hold.
“You will not get the attention of the big contractors if you offer small contracts,” Saad explains. By consolidating projects, contractors can focus their resources more effectively and efficiently and provide more competitive pricing.
“We have a hotel, we have an office building, we have a museum, and when we tendered them as one super package, there was a very solid response and interest from the big players because they could focus their resources and pricing and more efficiently engage their supply chains and subcontractors.”
The approach appears to be working. In late July, another estimated $2bn super package was awarded to a joint venture of local contractor Albawani and Qatar’s Urbacon to construct assets in the Wadi Safar district of the gigaproject. Featuring a mix of residential, residential farm plots, hotels, branded hotel villas, a golf course, an equestrian and polo club, and other leisure and entertainment facilities, including Aman, Chedi, Faena and Six Senses-branded hotels, Wadi Safar is positioned as the most upscale and exclusive development in Riyadh and indeed the kingdom as a whole.
The consolidated contract packages strategy reflects the supercharged nature of the Saudi projects market. With various clients, including the gigaprojects, all competing for a limited amount of contracting, material and labour resources, more innovative procurement strategies need to be adopted.
This is particularly critical for Diriyah and its enormous material requirements. For example, it has previously said that it will ultimately need some 350,000 doors, 1.5 million square metres of tiles, 1.2 million tonnes of rebar and 140,000 HVAC units.
Supply-side obstacles
Despite the progress, the project faces challenges related to contracting, engineering and material supply. The high demand for key materials, coupled with global supply chain disruptions, poses a significant conundrum. However, the delivery team has proactively secured and signed framework agreements with manufacturers to ensure a steady flow of required materials.
Transparent demand signalling is a core component of this. “We’ve analysed our material needs up to 2030 and prepared comprehensive requests for proposals for all key items,” says Saad. “We went out to the manufacturers and the supply chain in general to let them see the pipeline is tangible and secure. We are listening to vendors in order to speed things up and to lock down prices.”
Saad lists specific materials not naturally available in Saudi Arabia, such as finishing stones, as items that may be in short supply, in addition to some specialised MEP equipment that is only manufactured abroad. Overall, he is optimistic about the market’s ability to adapt. “The market will adjust itself,” he states. “Of course, there are challenges, but there are also opportunities for manufacturers to up their game.”
Likewise, contractors are being brought into discussions at earlier stages of contract planning. Diriyah is adopting strategies such as early contractor involvement in the design process to help better understand and manage construction risk. “We’re engaging with contractors and delivery partners as early as the concept design stages to get their feedback on the project’s constructability,” says Saad. “Later, these contractors can be invited to bid for the contract, which makes it easier for them and so they can be aware of any issues.”
Financial constraints
Another increasingly evident challenge is financing. As the gigaprojects programme steps up a gear, there have been growing strains on funding the huge costs associated with it, expenditure which in some cases is considerably higher than when first estimated during the initial master planning stages due to cost inflation and disruptions in the supply chain.
As with the other gigaprojects, Diriyah’s initial work has been fully funded by its PIF parent, but later phases will likely require other financing mechanisms. While some of this will come from the $100m in revenues it expects to make over the next year, the client company has been actively tapping into the capital markets, following in the footsteps of other gigaprojects such as Neom and Red Sea Global, which have concluded sizeable borrowing deals in the past two years.
This includes all options up to and including an initial public offering (IPO). The market consensus is that eventually all the PIF project company subsidiaries will go public when the time is right, and Diriyah is unlikely to be an exception.
For the same reason, the client is also exploring public-private partnerships (PPPs) to enable the private sector to take on some of the financial burden. For instance, City Cool Cooling Company recently won a $186m 25-year build-own-operate (BOO) concession to develop a 72,000-refrigeration-tonne district cooling plant. Future opportunities may include expansion of cooling capacity, other utilities and car parking operations.
“PPPs are a key component of our strategy,” says Saad. They provide a platform for private investors to participate in Diriyah's growth while leveraging the expertise and resources of the public sector. We realise we cannot build 10 million square metres alone. We need the private sector to participate and partner with us and give them an opportunity to be part of this journey.”
Another funding source will be off-plan property sales once its real estate offering comes to market. Based on the development plans, this is expected to be significant. With a mix of some 30,000 villas, apartments and townhouses, the ambition is to attract both local and expatriate residents, if or when the kingdom opens its property market to non-nationals.
Investment pathway
Eventually, third parties will also need to invest in the various real estate elements of the gigaproject. Diriyah Company, as a master developer, is actively seeking to attract other developers, family offices and financial institutions to develop land parcels for mixed-use, residential, hospitality, commercial, education and healthcare assets.
“We are already opening up to investors and meeting developers who are interested in partnering with us or buying land,” notes Saad. “It’s a good problem to have – there’s more interest than we can handle right now, which speaks volumes about the project's attractiveness.”
This is just as well. One criticism of the gigaprojects programme has been the shortfall in both local and international investment to date. A lack of understanding of what the gigaprojects are and will be, demand uncertainty, timeframe ambiguities and general market hesitancy have been identified as the stumbling blocks.
Diriyah is determined to change this situation. It is focusing on increasing public and investor awareness of the potential opportunity through initiatives such as its two-day Bashayer event last November, which showcased the masterplan and construction progress to selected key stakeholders. There has also been a push for greater transparency and publishing more specific details about the overall development to make it stand out from the crowded market.
The giant gigaproject is not being developed in isolation. Experience from successful developments worldwide highlights that connectivity and coordination with other government stakeholders are key. Diriyah is planned to be connected to an extension of Riyadh Metro’s Line 2 and a planned Line 7 linking it with King Khalid International airport and another gigaproject, Qiddiya. In total, four metro stations are planned for the development.
At the same time, talks are under way for Diriyah to be one of the main stations on the planned Q-Express high-speed rail link between the airport and Qiddiya, which will complement the metro network. For those arriving by car, there will be the opportunity to use the three-level, 1 million square-metre underground ‘super basement’ car park, which, with a capacity for 10,500 vehicles, will be the fifth-largest parking facility in the world, and by far the biggest in the region.
As Diriyah’s construction accelerates, it is already starting to define its identity more clearly. Building on the kingdom’s historical roots, it is set to create a new legacy for future generations.
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Egypt raises gas prices by 30% amid Iran war
11 March 2026
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Egypt’s Petroleum & Mineral Resources Ministry increased the price of several petroleum products and natural gas for vehicles on 9 March, according to official statements.
The price of natural gas for vehicles has been put up by 30% to E£13 ($0.25) a cubic metre.
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The new prices were put into effect early on 10 March and come amid soaring global energy prices in the wake of the US and Israel attacking Iran on 28 February.
Egypt’s Petroleum & Mineral Resources Ministry said: “This comes in light of exceptional circumstances resulting from geopolitical developments in the Middle East and their direct impact on global energy markets, which have led to a significant increase in import and domestic production costs.
“Disruptions in supply chains, increased risk levels and higher shipping and insurance costs have resulted in a substantial surge in global crude oil and petroleum product prices, levels not seen in energy markets for years.”
The statement also said that Egypt is continuing efforts to boost domestic production and reduce the country’s import bill.
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Between March 2025 and February 2026, Egypt imported 9,440 kilotonnes of LNG, with the majority of its imports purchased through short-term agreements, mainly with third parties like trading houses.
Last year, it was reported that Egypt had signed deals for around 150 cargoes through to the summer of 2026.
While much of Egypt’s LNG is likely to come from the US, and will not be directly impacted by the effective closure of the Strait of Hormuz, the recent surge in LNG prices could mean that the North African country will struggle to afford shipments.
Exacerbating the need for increased LNG imports, on 28 February, Israel shut down production from its offshore gas fields due to security concerns, cutting pipeline exports to Egypt.
Prior to the fields being taken offline, Egypt was importing about 1.1 billion cubic feet a day from the Tamar and Leviathan fields.
On 4 March, addressing concerns about energy supplies in the country, Prime Minister of Egypt Mostafa Madbouly said that Egypt had just concluded “several contracts” to procure gas shipments at “preferential prices”, in cooperation with several countries and international companies.
However, he did not provide details about the exact pricing of the deals.
On top of the LNG deals Egypt has with trading houses, in January, Cairo signed a memorandum of understanding with Qatar related to 2026 LNG imports.
The preliminary deal included plans for 24 LNG deliveries through the summer of this year, when energy demand typically peaks.
Now, the shuttering of Qatar’s export terminals and the effective closure of the Strait of Hormuz are casting a shadow over the deal and there is increased uncertainty over whether these deliveries will be executed.
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Delays expected to $3.3bn Kuwait gas project due to Iran war
11 March 2026
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Significant delays are now expected for state-owned Kuwait Gulf Oil Company's (KGOC's) planned tender for the development of an onshore gas plant next to the Al-Zour refinery, according to industry sources.
The project budget is estimated to be $3.3bn and the last meeting with contractors to discuss the project took place in Kuwait on 10 February.
In February, contractors were told to expect the invitation to bid to be issued in late March, but this schedule is now expected to be extended significantly due to uncertainties created by the US and Israel attacking Iran on 28 February
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Ownership of the field is disputed by Iran, which refers to the field as Arash.
Iran claims the field partially extends into Iranian territory and asserts that Tehran should be a stakeholder in its development.
One source said: “Developing this gas field in the waters so close to Iran will be impossible in the current security environment.
“Everyone is expecting extended delays to progress on this project and all related projects, such as the planned onshore processing facility in Kuwait.
“The offshore elements of the project would be especially vulnerable to attacks from Iran and there are likely to be security concerns over the development of this field for some time to come.”
In July last year, MEED reported that KGOC had initiated the project by launching an early engagement process with contractors for the main engineering, procurement and construction tender.
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Sharakat plan signals next phase of Saudi water expansion
10 March 2026
Sharakat, formerly Saudi Water Partnership Company, released its latest seven-year statement in March, outlining the next phase of the kingdom’s water infrastructure plans.
According to the document, desalination capacity from Sharakat-procured projects is expected to rise from about 3.88 million cubic metres a day (cm/d) in 2025 to roughly 7.18 million cm/d by 2031, reflecting the continued reliance on desalinated water to meet rising urban demand.
The expansion will be supported by seven additional independent water plants (IWPs) with a combined capacity of about 2.8 million cm/d, alongside projects already operating, under construction or in procurement.
Against this backdrop, 2025 proved to be the busiest year for desalination awards since before the Covid-19 pandemic. Total water infrastructure awards also remained strong at $10bn, despite dipping on the two previous years.
Desalination projects accounted for $2.2bn across four schemes. The largest award was the $700m Shoaiba 6 seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant, which will have a capacity of 500,000 cm/d.
Another key development came when Sharakat awarded the contract to develop the Ras Mohaisen IWP on the Red Sea coast.
The project will treat 300,000 cm/d of seawater using reverse osmosis technology and will supply areas including Mecca and Al-Bahah. The developer consortium is led by Acwa Power, which holds a 45% stake, alongside Haji Abdullah Ali Reza & Partners with 35% and Al-Kifah Holding with 20%.
Transmission projects
Large transmission infrastructure continues to move forwards, with new contracts reaching $6.2bn in 2025, more than 60% of total awards.
This includes a contract with Sharakat to develop and operate the kingdom’s second independent water transmission pipeline (IWTP) project. The winning consortium comprises local firms Aljomaih Energy & Water, Nesma Company and Buhur for Investment Company.
The 587-kilometre (km) pipeline, capable of transporting 650,000 cm/d of water, will link Jubail in the Eastern Province with Buraydah in the Qassim region. Construction is expected to begin in the second quarter of 2026.
In December, local firm Vision Invest was named as the preferred bidder to develop and operate the 859km Riyadh-Qassim IWTP, Sharakat’s third IWTP project.
Vision Invest’s offer to develop the project with a levelised tariff of SR2.627 ($0.70) a cubic metre was almost 20% lower than the next nearest bidder
Further transmission projects are also advancing through Saudi Arabia’s Water Transmission Company (WTCO).
Bidding opened in September for the Jubail-Buraydah transmission scheme and the Ras Mohaisen-Baha-Mecca independent water transmission system, which together will deliver more than 1.38 million cm/d of water across central and western Saudi Arabia. An initial deadline was set for the end of the year, although this has been extended several times.
WTCO has also issued a tender for the construction of a $700m IWTP project in Qassim, including a 350km water transmission pipeline and 11 storage tanks. The main contract bids are expected in the coming weeks.
Storage and wastewater treatment
Saudi Arabia’s national water strategy aims to build reserves equivalent to seven days of municipal demand, requiring more than 115 million cubic metres of storage capacity by 2030.
Alongside this, Sharakat’s seven-year plan envisages wastewater treatment capacity rising from 1.79 million cm/d to about 3.19 million cm/d.
In February, a consortium of Saudi utilities provider Marafiq, the regional business of France’s Veolia and Bahrain/Saudi Arabia-based Lamar Holding reached financial close on a $500m wastewater treatment plant in Jubail Industrial City 2
The project will be developed under a concession-style model similar to a public-private partnership, with the developer consortium responsible for building and operating the plant over a 30-year period.
Some developers have also started to return to the Saudi water market, with Metito CEO, Rami Ghandour, explaining: “We took a break for a few years from bidding for municipal projects in the kingdom as we felt the market was overheating.”
A consortium of Metito, Etihad Water & Electricity (EtihadWE) and SkyBridge was named the preferred bidder for the Hadda independent sewage treatment (ISTP) in December with a levelised tariff of SR2.354 ($0.63) a cubic metre.
Meanwhile, a group comprising Miahona, Marafiq and Buhur for Investment Company was selected as the preferred bidder for the Arana ISTP with a levelised tariff of SR1.35 ($0.36) a cubic metre. Both the Hadda and Arana ISTP projects in Mecca Province are set to reach financial close this year.
Outlook
The project pipeline suggests that large transmission projects will continue drive contract activity. About $9.3bn of projects are currently under bid evaluation, with water pipeline schemes accounting for more than half, while a further $12bn of projects are in prequalification.
The request for proposals has already been issued for the Riyadh East ISTP, which will have a treatment capacity of 200,000 cm/d in its first phase, expanding to 400,000 cm/d in the second phase. The bid submission deadline is 2 April.
On the desalination front, IWP schemes at Ras Al-Khair, Tabuk, Shuqaiq and Jizan, have seen shifts in expected procurement timelines following earlier prequalification rounds.
The largest of these is phase two of the Ras Al-Khair IWP, which has been in development for more than a decade and involves the construction of a 600,000 cm/d reverse osmosis desalination plant.
According to the revised timeline, the $400m Al-Shuqaiq 4 IWP project will be the first of seven planned IWPs to reach commercial operations in 2029. The main contract is set to be tendered later this year.
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Ruwais industrial complex struck by drones
10 March 2026
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Abu Dhabi authorities are responding to a fire that has broken out at a facility in Ruwais industrial complex, caused by a drone attack.
The Ruwais industrial complex, located in Abu Dhabi's Al-Dhafra region, houses the world's fourth-largest single-site oil refinery and is operated by Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (Adnoc).
No injuries have been reported at this time, the Abu Dhabi Media Office said.
The UAE continues to intercept drones and missiles fired from Iran, as attacks on the Gulf countries continue for a 11th day in the ongoing regional conflict.
Apart from the Ruwais refining complex, which has a capacity of 922,000 barrels a day (b/d) of crude oil and condensates, Ruwais industrial complex is also home to petrochemicals producer Borouge’s main production complex.
Additionally, Adnoc is in an advanced stage of engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) on a liquefied natural gas (LNG) project within the Ruwais industrial complex, which will have the capacity to produce about 9.6 million tonnes a year (t/y) of LNG from two processing trains, each with a capacity of 4.8 million t/y. When the project is commissioned, which is due to take place in 2028, Adnoc’s LNG production capacity will more than double to about 15 million t/y.
Separately, Taziz – a 60:40 joint venture of Adnoc Group and Abu Dhabi’s industrial holding company ADQ – is overseeing the development of at least seven specialty chemicals plants in its planned derivatives zone in Ruwais Industrial City.
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Contractors submit bids for Dorra offshore gas project packages
10 March 2026
Contractors have submitted bids to Al-Khafji Joint Operations (KJO) for engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) works on a project to develop natural gas from the Dorra gas field, located in the waters of the Saudi-Kuwait Neutral Zone.
KJO, which is jointly owned by Saudi Aramco subsidiary Aramco Gulf Operations Company and Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (KPC) subsidiary Kuwait Gulf Oil Company (KGOC), has divided the project’s scope of work into four EPC packages – three offshore and one onshore.
Indian contractor Larsen & Toubro Energy Hydrocarbon (L&TEH) has won package one of the Dorra facilities project, which covers the EPC of seven offshore jackets and the laying of intra-field pipelines. The contract awarded by KJO to L&TEH is estimated to be valued at $140m-$150m, MEED reported in October.
Contractors submitted bids for the remaining three packages – offshore packages 2A and 2B and onshore package three by the final deadline of 9 March, according to sources.
Two consortiums of contractors submitted bids for the packages, sources told MEED:
- NMDC Energy (UAE) / Hyundai Heavy Industries (South Korea)
- Saipem (Italy) / Larsen and Toubro Energy Hydrocarbon (India)
KJO had extended the bid submission deadlines for these packages several times since last year.
The EPC scope of work for package 2A includes Dorra gas field wellhead topsides, flowlines and umbilicals. Package 2B involves the central gathering platform complex, export pipelines and cables. Package three includes the EPC of onshore gas processing facilities.
Saudi Arabia and Kuwait are pressing ahead with their plan to jointly produce 1 billion cubic feet a day (cf/d) of gas from the Dorra gas field.
The two countries have been producing oil from the Neutral Zone – primarily from the onshore Wafra field and offshore Khafji field – since at least the 1950s. With a growing need to increase natural gas production, they have been working to exploit the Dorra offshore field, understood to be the only gas field in the Neutral Zone.
Discovered in 1965, the Dorra gas field is estimated to hold 20 trillion cubic metres of gas and 310 million barrels of oil.
The Dorra facilities scheme is one of three multibillion-dollar projects launched by subsidiaries of Saudi Aramco and KPC to produce and process gas from the Dorra field that has advanced in the past few months.
AGOC onshore Khafji gas plant
AGOC has set a current bid submission deadline of 22 April for seven EPC packages as part of a project to construct the Khafji gas plant, which will process gas from the Dorra field onshore Saudi Arabia.
MEED previously reported that AGOC issued main tenders for the seven EPC packages in 2025. Contractors were initially set deadlines of 24 October for technical bid submissions and 9 November for the submission of commercial bids, which was then extended by AGOC until 22 December.
The seven EPC packages cover a range of works, including open-art and licensed process facilities, pipelines, industrial support infrastructure, site preparation, overhead transmission lines, power supply systems and main operational and administrative buildings.
France-based Technip Energies has carried out a concept study and front-end engineering and design (feed) work on the entire Dorra gas field development programme.
Progress has been hampered by a geopolitical dispute over ownership of the Dorra gas field. Iran, which refers to the field as Arash, claims it partially extends into Iranian territory and asserts that Tehran should be a stakeholder in its development. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia maintain that the field lies entirely within their jointly administered Neutral Zone – also known as the Divided Zone – and that Iran has no legal basis for its claim.
In February 2024, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia reiterated their claim to the Dorra field in a joint statement issued during an official meeting in Riyadh of Kuwaiti Emir Sheikh Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah and Saudi Crown Prince and Prime Minister Mohammed Bin Salman Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud.
Since that show of strength and unity, projects targeting the production and processing of gas from the Dorra field have gained momentum.
KGOC onshore processing facilities
KGOC has initiated early engagement with contractors for the main EPC tendering process for a planned Dorra onshore gas processing facility, which is to be located in Kuwait.
KGOC is at the feed stage of the project, which is estimated to be valued at up to $3.3bn. The firm is now expected to issue the main EPC tender within the first quarter of this year, MEED recently reported.
The proposed facility will receive gas from a pipeline from the Dorra offshore field, which is being separately developed by KJO. The complex will have the capacity to process up to 632 million cf/d of gas and 88.9 million barrels a day of condensates from the Dorra field.
The facility will be located near the Al-Zour refinery, owned by another KPC subsidiary, Kuwait Integrated Petroleum Industries Company.
A 700,000-square-metre plot has been allocated next to the Al-Zour refinery for the gas processing facility and discussions regarding survey work are ongoing. The site could require shoring, backfilling and dewatering.
The onshore gas processing plant will also supply surplus gas to KPC’s upstream business, Kuwait Oil Company, for possible injection into its oil fields.
Additionally, KGOC plans to award licensed technology contracts to US-based Honeywell UOP and Shell subsidiary Shell Catalysts & Technologies for the plant’s acid gas removal unit and sulphur recovery unit, respectively.
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