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Jordan policymakers walk tightrope

4 June 2024

 

Few countries will envy Jordan right now, as one of the Israel-Palestine-adjacent countries most severely impacted both economically and politically by the inevitable spillover of the war in Gaza.

Economic growth in Jordan has inevitably been hit by the conflict, especially in the country’s trade and tourism sectors. Domestic opposition to the war has meanwhile left Ammann walking a tightrope – opposing Israel while remaining part of a broad regional Western-backed coalition that saw Jordan play its part in stemming missile attacks launched by Iran at Israel in April.

The Gaza war is only one of a number of pitfalls confronting the government, which currently faces an unemployment rate of about 22%, desperate water scarcity, and the presence of 1.3 million Syrian refugees topping up the country’s existing population of refugees from Iraq, Palestine and elsewhere.

In these invidious circumstances, the country has performed well, but has also suffered negative consequences.

“Jordan has preserved economic and political stability despite significant external shocks, including social instability in the region (Arab Spring) and wars in neighbouring countries (Iraq and Syria), but these shocks have led to lower growth and significant government debt build-up,” says Erich Arispe, a senior director in Fitch Ratings’ sovereigns group.

For now, Jordan appears to be carrying off the delicate diplomatic work in relation to Israel. It is playing a critical role in the aid effort to Gaza, distancing itself from its neighbour by withdrawing its ambassador from Tel Aviv, and mothballing a planned water-for-energy project.

But it has so far resisted pressure from domestic protesters to adopt a more assertive stance towards Israel – not least since the government is wary of putting its relationship with the US under stress and threatening the $1.45bn in annual aid it receives from Washington.

Jordan’s reliance on Israeli water supplies will also play a part in Amman’s calculus. The kingdom typically sources around 80% of its natural gas from Israel’s offshore Leviathan field.

Despite deep antipathy to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s government, the reality is that Jordan is locked into a cooperative relationship with its neighbour, including through the Hashemite dynasty’s custodianship of the Al-Aqsa mosque compound in Jerusalem.

Economic effects

While Jordan is unlikely to take radical steps to change its relationship with its neighbour, it remains deeply impacted by Israel’s actions, with the economic implications of the conflict in Gaza being felt nationwide.

The Jordan Hotel Association reported that about half of its hotel reservations were cancelled in October 2023. Fitch Ratings expects that lower tourism inflows, weaker external demand and continued regional political uncertainty will slow growth to 2.3% in 2024, from 2.6% in 2023.

“Nevertheless, we expect that the decline in US and European tourists will be partly compensated by resilience in Jordanian expats and regional tourists. Before the start of the Gaza conflict, Jordanian expats and Arab and GCC tourists accounted for almost three-quarters of total visitors,” says Arispe. 

Although the IMF warned in May that the continuation of the war and the trade route disruptions in the Red Sea are affecting sentiment, trade and tourism, barring a significant escalation, the Jordanian economy should be able to navigate the challenges.

While Jordan is primed to run a large current account deficit, at a projected 6.4% of GDP in 2024, this is still lower than the 6.8% deficit recorded in 2023.

According to Fitch, the general government deficit will ease to 2.6% in 2024 and 2.4% in 2025, as expenditure restraint will balance lower-than-budgeted revenue growth and higher interest payments. 

“One of the main economic challenges for policymakers is to lift growth prospects to support a sustainable reduction in government debt,” says Arispe.

In its May rating affirmation, Fitch estimated that general government debt (consolidating central government debt holdings of the Social Security Investment Fund and including the Water Authority of Jordan debt and NEPCO guaranteed debt) rose to 93.3% of GDP at the end of 2023.

Although it forecast debt will decline to 91.3% by 2025, this will remain significantly above the projected 53.6% median for sovereigns rated ‘BB’.

“Jordan’s fiscal strategy aims to lower debt to 80% of GDP by 2028 based on a combination of revenue increases, through measures directed at broadening the tax base, and expenditure restraint,” says Arispe.

“Nevertheless, Fitch considers that the sustainability of the current fiscal strategy will depend on the success of reforms aimed at lifting growth prospects combined with increased employment.”

External support

For all the Hashemite kingdom’s vulnerability to regional conflicts, its strategic position also carries advantages. Jordan has attracted substantial external support in the past year, drawing on its status as a regional source of stability.

Early in 2024, the IMF began a new four-year, $1.2bn Extended Fund Facility (EFF).

“From a broader perspective, one of Jordan’s strengths in terms of creditworthiness is the strong relations with multilateral organisations and allies, including the US and partners in the region, which supports Jordan’s financing flexibility. The sovereign is projected to receive total foreign assistance of $3.5bn (6.5% of projected GDP) in 2024,” says Arispe.

In addition, Jordan is attracting significant Gulf investment. In late May, the country’s Investment Ministry announced that Abu Dhabi Development Holding Company (ADQ) had completed the establishment of an infrastructure investment fund company in Jordan. This deal was first mooted during King Abdullah’s visit to Abu Dhabi in 2023.

This company will invest in infrastructure and development projects worth $5bn.

The government also remains committed to its reform agenda, for example, by gradually increasing water utility tariffs last year.

“We expect, though, that the pace of reform progress will continue to depend on the objective of preserving social stability, the resistance of vested interests and institutional capacity constraints,” says Arispe.

Reducing high unemployment is a government priority, especially among women and younger people.

The government is moving ahead with the first phase of its ambitious Economic Modernisation Vision 2023-33, which aims to increase growth potential (5%) and create 1 million jobs over the next decade through higher private investment in strategic sectors.

“The authorities have made progress in terms of digitisation of government procedures, most notably those related to investment, and public administration reform,” says Arispe.

“Nevertheless, increased geopolitical risks make it harder for the government to achieve the 2025 targets under the Vision’s 2023-25 first phase, including reaching 3% growth and exports reaching $13.7bn.”

Above all, the government will hope that external events will not yet have a negative bearing on an ambitious political reform programme that is invariably contingent on favourable regional relations.

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James Gavin

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  • Agentic AI comes for the customer journey

    8 April 2026

    The entire architecture of digital commerce rests on one assumption: that a person initiates a transaction – a consumer browses, selects, confirms and pays. Every layer of security, authentication and fraud prevention is calibrated to that sequence.

    Agentic AI, systems that can reason through a complex instruction and plan what needs to happen and act autonomously with minimal human input, disrupts this model at its foundation.

    This is not a hypothetical shift, but one already well on its way to impacting commerce. In the UAE, 70% of consumers already use AI tools when shopping – a 44% increase on 2024 figures, according to Adyen’s 2025 Retail Report. In travel, 68% of UAE consumers used AI to book holidays in 2025 – a 57% year-on-year rise.

    “What makes agentic AI different from the AI tools we’ve seen so far is that it doesn’t just respond or recommend,” says Daumantas Grigaravicius (pictured, right), head of Middle East at Adyen, speaking to MEED. “It can take a complex instruction, reason through it, plan what needs to happen and act autonomously on a user’s behalf.”

    In retail, he says, that means AI agents handling the entire customer journey – discovering products across multiple platforms, comparing prices, applying discounts and completing the purchase – based on a single instruction.

    In hospitality, an agent could plan and book a trip end-to-end, adjusting plans if flight schedules change. In financial services, it could monitor accounts and time international transfers to secure better exchange rates.

    From browsing to delegating

    When AI agents take over the discovery process, the consumer will shift from navigating individual apps and websites to setting preferences that inform how an AI agent acts.

    “The customer journey becomes less about navigating touchpoints and more about setting preferences and letting AI handle execution,” Grigaravicius says. For UAE consumers who already value convenience and efficiency, this is a natural evolution.”

    AI will select products based on data: price, quality metrics, delivery times and sustainability scores – replacing the current advertising, social media and consumer algorithms.

    “This puts pressure on merchants to compete on substance rather than just marketing appeal,” notes Grigaravicius, though there will remain a distinction between the routine and the personal.

    “Consumers will still want to be involved in choices that carry emotional weight,” he says. “What changes is that the mundane, repetitive aspects get automated, which makes the whole process feel far less cluttered and more streamlined.”

    The merchant’s dilemma

    For service providers, the challenge is clear: their offering needs to be easy for AI agents to find; their systems have to connect smoothly; and their value proposition needs to deliver.

    The risk is that if the entire customer journey is contained within a chat interface, merchants could find themselves cut off from the relationship they have spent years building.

    “There’s a real concern that hard-won brands could be reduced to commodities, perhaps just a featureless API endpoint in a bot’s decision-making logic,” says Grigaravicius.

    The industry has confronted versions of this anxiety before. The leap from desktop e-commerce to mobile prompted similar fears of disintermediation.

    “Mobile didn’t replace digital storefronts; it added a powerful, specialised channel for high-intent customers,” he says. “Agentic AI is likely to follow a similar path.”

    One defence is tokenisation. “When an AI agent completes a purchase, the merchant can still recognise the customer through their secure tokenised credentials,” says Grigaravicius.

    “This allows them to apply loyalty benefits, personalise offers and maintain a cohesive relationship across channels.”

    Rethinking identity and fraud

    If AI agents are executing transactions at scale, the security apparatus designed around human behaviour also needs to adapt.

    The traditional fraud-prevention toolkit assumes that personal data alone is sufficient proof of identity, but this assumption weakens when the entity initiating the transaction is an AI agent.

    “The old way of proving identity no longer holds,” says Grigaravicius. The counter is dynamic identification based on patterns of real commercial behaviour – looking at how customers and businesses actually transact, rather than relying on one-off checks that can be faked.

    In principle, AI agents could reduce overall fraud by detecting behavioural anomalies across millions of data points, validating transactions in real time and flagging suspicious patterns before a transaction completes.

    “AI agents don’t fall for phishing emails, don’t share passwords and can’t be socially engineered in the traditional sense,” says Grigaravicius. “So the net effect, if designed correctly, should be a reduction in overall fraud.”

    Liability and standards

    Where a compromised AI agent executes a fraudulent transaction, the chain of responsibility nevertheless needs to be resolved. Grigaravicius argues for a shared model between the AI platform provider, the merchant, the payment processor and the consumer.

    “Where it gets complex is in cases where an AI agent is manipulated through no clear fault of any single party,” he says. “These scenarios require pre-agreed frameworks for liability allocation, which is why industry collaboration on standards is so important.”

    Adyen is a partner of the Google-led Agent Payments Protocol initiative, which includes more than 60 tech and payment firms, and has also joined the Agentic AI Foundation, which aims to bring together companies to shape how autonomous systems interact.

    Two-year horizon

    The next phase – the transition from experimental, single-task agents to collaborative, multi-agent systems managing complex end-to-end processes – is likely to mature within two years, according to Grigaravicius.

    The barriers are structural, with the sector needing robust authentication processes and interoperability across merchant systems, as well as consumer trust.

    For now, the technical talent pool also remains thin. “The demand for people who understand both the commercial and technical dimensions of agentic AI far exceeds what is currently available,” Grigaravicius notes.

    For the Gulf’s service economy, the opportunity is to serve as a proving ground. E-commerce penetration is high, regulatory appetite for fintech innovation is strong and consumer willingness to adopt runs well ahead of global averages.

    The foundational questions – who verifies identity, who bears liability and whether merchants retain autonomy over their own customer relationships – need to be settled before adoption outpaces the infrastructure designed to support it.

    “The rise of agentic AI is not a zero-sum game,” says Grigaravicius. “For agentic AI to become sustainable and profitable, we must build infrastructure that delivers genuine trust, transparency and merchant autonomy – because only that way will we achieve outcomes that benefit all.”

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  • UAE water investment broadens beyond desalination

    8 April 2026

     

    Desalination investment slowed in the UAE last year as awards in the segment fell to $400m, their lowest annual total since 2021.

    Although overall market activity remained strong, reaching $3.4bn in total water sector awards, the only major desalination award in 2025 was the Saadiyat seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) independent water plant (IWP) being developed by Spain’s Acciona.

    This project accounted for 12% of total awards, reflecting a gradual decline in desalination investment over the past few years.

    In 2024, the segment accounted for 22% of total water infrastructure awards. That figure was 25% in 2023 and 35% in 2022.

    Tasreef programme

    Beyond desalination, the market has been driven largely by transmission infrastructure over the past 12 months, most notably Dubai Municipality’s AED30bn ($8.1bn) Tasreef programme, which aims to strengthen stormwater drainage systems across the emirate for the next century.

    In February, the municipality confirmed it had awarded contracts for five new projects under phase two of the programme to expand and strengthen Dubai’s stormwater drainage network.

    These include two contracts awarded to local firm DeTech Contracting and one to China State Construction Engineering Corporation for stormwater drainage infrastructure. In addition, two consultancy contracts were awarded for the study and design of drainage systems in selected areas across the emirate.

    Cumulatively valued at AED2.5bn, the new projects will serve 30 vital areas, spanning approximately 430 million square metres and supporting an estimated population of three million residents by 2040.

    The latest deals build on an earlier package of projects awarded in April 2025 under phase one of the Tasreef programme. The overall masterplan aims to expand Dubai’s rainwater drainage capacity by 700% by 2033.

    Sewage treatment

    While 2025 was a quiet year for sewage treatment contract awards, 2026 began with a key milestone as Ras Al-Khaimah awarded its first sewage treatment project under a public-private partnership (PPP).

    The contract was awarded to a consortium of Abu Dhabi National Energy Company (Taqa), Saur (France) and Etihad Water & Electricity (UAE).

    The $120m project involves developing a wastewater treatment plant with a capacity of 60,000 cubic metres a day (cm/d), expandable to 150,000 cm/d. 

    The deal is seen as significant not just because it adds capacity, but because it establishes a repeatable template for future private sector participation in municipal infrastructure, a segment that has historically been harder to structure than power or desalination.

    Cooling

    According to MEED Projects, four cooling contracts were awarded last year, with total investment rising from $161m in 2024 to $205m in 2025.

    The segment continues to be led by Empower, which holds more than 80% of Dubai’s district cooling market and operates at least 88 plants across the emirate.

    Dubai Electricity & Water Authority (Dewa) now owns 80% of the company, having recently increased its stake in a $1.4bn deal.

    In February, Empower announced it had begun the design of its fifth district cooling plant in Dubai’s Business Bay, as part of a wider scheme in the area with a total planned capacity of 451,540 refrigeration tonnes (RT).

    The wider Business Bay development comprises nine plants, of which four are already operational and two are currently at the design stage.

    Separately, last August, Empower signed a contract to design a $200m district cooling plant at Dubai Science Park, with a total capacity of 47,000 RT serving 80 buildings.

    Project pipeline

    Looking ahead, the tender pipeline points to sustained market activity, particularly in transmission and wastewater infrastructure.

    A key near-term project is the Dubai Strategic Sewerage Tunnels (DSST) PPP, one of the emirate’s largest planned infrastructure schemes. Contracts for three packages are expected to be awarded in the coming months.

    The masterplan covers the construction of two deep tunnel systems terminating at pump stations serving the Warsan and Jebel Ali sewage treatment plants (STPs). The scheme will convert Dubai’s sewerage network from a pumped system to a gravity-based system, helping the emirate replace ageing pumping stations and meet long-term capacity requirements.

    The main contracts for the J and W packages are expected to be awarded first, with three consortiums in the running, while the Phase 2 Links package is currently under tender, with bids due on 30 June.

    Transmission continues to dominate procurement, led by the tunnels scheme, accounting for $21.7bn under bid evaluation and $2.5bn at main contract bidding stage.

    The wider pipeline also shows growing momentum in treatment, cooling and storage, underlining how investment is increasingly spread across the broader water infrastructure value chain.

    This includes a major dam rehabilitation project in Hatta, covering four dams at Hatta, Ghabra, Al-Khattem and Suhaila, as well as the expansion of the Jebel Ali STP, which will add 100,000 cm/d of treatment capacity.

    Dubai Municipality is also preparing to tender the main construction package for the Warsan STP later this year. While previously expected to be procured as a PPP, the project is now set to move forward as an engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract.

    The focus of desalination activity, meanwhile, is on two upcoming projects being procured by Etihad Water & Electricity (EtihadWE). The first of these involves the construction of a $200m SWRO plant in Ras Al-Khaimah, which has already been put out to tender.

    The second involves a $200m SWRO plant in Fujairah, estimated to cost $400m. The request for qualification (RFQ) documents were submitted last year, with the project expected to advance through procurement in the coming months.

    Several desalination projects are also moving through construction, with the Shuweihat 4 IWP due to come online soon with a capacity of 318,225 cm/d, while at least three more plants are scheduled for commissioning next year.

    Large-scale IPPs drive UAE power market

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    Mark Dowdall
  • UAE banks ready to weather the storm

    8 April 2026

     

    Amid unprecedented turbulent geopolitics, Emirati lenders are putting on a confident face. More than one month in from the Iran conflict, Dubai’s largest bank, Emirates NBD, raised $2.25bn in long-term financing – obtaining, it said, the tightest pricing in the bank’s history for a syndicated loan, which aims to strengthen the bank’s liquidity position.

    Bankers view this as a token of the sector’s resilience. “Strong oversubscription from international lenders, together with tight pricing, reflects continued market confidence in the UAE’s financial sector,” said Shayne Nelson, Emirates NBD’s CEO.

    UAE banks entered the crisis in a strong position. Capital and liquidity buffers are robust, with an aggregate capital adequacy ratio of 17.1% in Q4 2025 – well ahead of the minimum 10.5% level. The loan-to-deposit ratio stood at 77.7%, another metric indicating its latitude to extend ample credit to the economy.

    Performance levels last year were impressive. Total assets in the UAE banking system rose 17% in year-on-year terms to AED5,340bn ($1.45bn) by end-2025. Asset quality ratios improved, supported by a 16.2% reduction in non-performing loans (NPLs). Large banks revealed strong profits. The largest Emirati lender, First Abu Dhabi Bank, reported a 24% increase in net income to AED21.11bn ($5.7bn), while Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank similarly saw full-year pre-tax profits rise by 21% to AED12.8bn.

    Analysts paint a picture of a broadly healthy banking system, at least pre-conflict. “In 2025, we saw some margin pressure, as competition for liquidity increased. UAE banks’ profitability metrics declined a bit. But banks entered this crisis in the best shape for the last 10 years. Take the NPL ratio; at around 3%, it’s been on a declining trend for the last five years,” says Anton Lopatin, senior director, financial institutions at Fitch Ratings.

    Support package

    The events since 28 February have clearly ruffled the surface calm, although the UAE Central Bank has stepped in to provide additional support, announcing on 19 March a resilience package mainly made up of precautionary support measures focused on liquidity and forbearance. This comes amid reports of a sharp decline in liquidity in the banking system.

    The package allows lenders to access liquidity and to use capital buffers to support the economy. Banks enjoy enhanced access to reserve balances up to 30% of the cash reserve requirement.

    “The central bank has a strong ability to support banks in the UAE, as it has AED1tn ($270bn) in external reserves. It means that it is able to provide support if needed, backed by these reserves,” says Lopatin. 

    According to Lopatin, overnight deposits at the Central Bank have declined slightly since the conflict escalated, but nothing too severe. “Judging by liquidity indicators at the sector level, it’s under pressure, but it’s still healthy,” he says.

    Ongoing risks

    Nonetheless, a protracted conflict would raise asset quality concerns, given the likely impact on companies in sectors such as infrastructure, real estate, tourism and aviation – those most exposed to war-related effects. In the UAE, hospitality, tourism and real estate also have weaker links to the sovereign.

    Disruption to air traffic and tourist inflows is likely to have only a small direct impact on UAE banks, whose lending to the transport (mostly aviation) and tourism sectors is limited. Fitch estimates the two combined accounted for less than 3% of total loans at end-2025.

    “The UAE has always been sensitive to the real estate market performance. It has recovered strongly since Covid, with prices up by 60%. But if there is less economic activity, and less belief in Dubai as a safe jurisdiction, real estate would be among the first sectors to suffer,” says Lopatin.

    Corporate real estate accounted for 13% of gross loans at end-2025, down from 20% at end-2021, and this sector is likely to be the main source of new Stage 3 loans if the conflict is prolonged, warned Fitch in a rating note issued on 2nd April.

    Some banks still have high concentrations in their loan books, namely Sharjah Islamic Bank (29%), Ajman Bank (28%), Commercial Bank International (CBI; 41%), Commercial Bank of Dubai (20%) and United Arab Bank (UAB; 20%). Their asset-quality metrics could weaken, said Fitch, adding profitability pressures, if the real estate price correction exceeds its pre-conflict expectations.

    Already, two Dubai property developers have seen their sukuk (Islamic debt securities) fall into distressed territory, as investor concerns about credit quality and refinancing risks start to register. In mid-March, Fitch Ratings placed Dubai real estate firm Binghatti on a negative rating watch, signalling a potential downgrade.

    Too early to assess

    Yet analysts caution against reading too much into this at this stage. “UAE banks’ total exposure to real estate is not so significant,” he says. “Currently, it’s less than 15%, the lowest level in 10-15 years. Any impact on banks will be gradual, but it will be under pressure, so banks will be under pressure too.  Some smaller UAE banks entered this crisis with less cushioning and higher NPLs and therefore could be affected more.”

    Refinancing risk may also affect the government-related entity (GRE) sector, with these anticipating around $11.5bn in debt maturing this year, according to estimates from Capital Economics, a consultancy.    

    If the refinancing of GRE debt proves too expensive, then UAE banks may have to step into the breach with new credit facilities. 

    “The longer the conflict lasts, refinancing becomes a point of stress,” says Lopatin.

    The capacity of the likes of Emirates NBD to raise finance in the most trying conditions suggests a wider resilience that may stave off worst-case scenarios for UAE banks. The next weeks and months will doubtless be testing for them, and the possibility of cash flow problems yielding a worsened loan quality position is one that will be taken seriously. 

    However, the capital and liquidity buffers painstakingly built up since the Covid pandemic mean banks are ready to weather the storm.

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    James Gavin
  • Dubai extends bid deadline for Jebel Ali STP expansion

    8 April 2026

     

    Dubai Municipality has extended the deadline for contractors to submit bids for a contract covering the expansion of the Jebel Ali sewage treatment plant (STP) phases one and two.

    The upgraded facility will be capable of treating an additional sewage flow of 100,000 cubic metres a day (cm/d), with the expansion estimated to cost $300m.

    The scope includes the design, construction and commissioning of infrastructure and systems required to support the increased capacity.

    The new bid submission deadline is 30 April. The original deadline was 2 April.

    Located on a 670-hectare site in Jebel Ali, the original wastewater facility has a treatment capacity of about 675,000 cm/d following the completion of phase two in 2019, combining approximately 300,000 cm/d from phase one and 375,000 cm/d from phase two.

    The main element of the expansion involves modifications to the secondary treatment process at Jebel Ali STP phase two.

    UK-headquartered KPMG and UAE-based Tribe Infrastructure are serving as financial advisers on the project.

    It is understood that the project is part of long-term plans to treat about 1.05 million cm/d once all future phases are completed.

    MEED recently revealed that the municipality is preparing to tender the main construction package for the Warsan STP by the end of the year.

    As MEED understands, the Warsan STP had previously been expected to be procured as a public-private partnership scheme.

    However, the main construction package will now be procured as an engineering, procurement and construction contract.

    The project involves the construction of a sewage treatment plant with a capacity of about 175,000 cm/d, including treatment units, sludge handling systems and associated infrastructure.

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    Mark Dowdall
  • Prequalification begins for King Salman Stadium early works

    8 April 2026

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    Saudi Arabia’s Sports Ministry has invited companies to prequalify for a contract covering early works at the King Salman International Stadium in Riyadh.

    The notice was issued on 8 April, with a prequalification deadline of 28 April.

    The stadium will cover about 660,000 square metres (sq m) and have a seating capacity of 92,000. Facilities will include a 150-seat royal suite, 120 hospitality suites, 300 VIP seats and 2,200 dignitary seats.

    The wider development will include sports facilities covering more than 360,000 sq m, including two training fields and fan zones, a closed sports hall, an Olympic-sized swimming pool, an athletics track, and outdoor courts for volleyball, basketball and padel.

    The stadium is set to host the final of the 2034 Fifa World Cup and will serve as the Saudi national football team’s main base.

    US-based architectural firm Populous is the lead architect for the stadium.

    Construction of the stadium is expected to be completed by 2029.

    The stadium will be located next to King Abdulaziz Park.

    Firms submitted prequalification statements for the main design-and-build contract in February.

    Saudi Arabia stadium plans

    In August 2024, MEED reported that Saudi Arabia plans to build 11 new stadiums and refurbish four facilities for the 2034 Fifa World Cup. 

    Eight stadiums will be located in Riyadh, four in Jeddah and one each in Al-Khobar, Abha and Neom.

    A further 10 cities will host training bases: Al-Baha, Jazan, Taif, Medina, Alula, Umluj, Tabuk, Hail, Al-Ahsa and Buraidah.

    There are expected to be 134 training sites across the kingdom, including 61 existing facilities and 73 new venues.

    Saudi Arabia was officially selected to host the 2034 Fifa World Cup during an online convention of Fifa member associations at the Fifa Congress on 11 December 2024.

    MEED’s April 2026 report on Saudi Arabia includes:

    > COMMENT: Risk accelerates Saudi spending shift
    > GVT &: ECONOMY: Riyadh navigates a changed landscape
    > BANKING: Testing times for Saudi banks
    > UPSTREAM: Offshore oil and gas projects to dominate Aramco capex in 2026
    > DOWNSTREAM: Saudi downstream projects market enters lean period
    > POWER: Wind power gathers pace in Saudi Arabia
    > WATER: Sharakat plan signals next phase of Saudi water expansion
    > CONSTRUCTION: Saudi construction enters a period of strategic readjustment
    > TRANSPORT: Rail expansion powers Saudi Arabia’s infrastructure push

    To see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click here
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