Jordan’s oil and gas sector battles sluggish phase
6 June 2023
This package on Jordan’s oil and gas sector also includes:
> Jordanian and Turkish firms to build phosphoric acid plant
> Jordan selects refinery expansion winner
> Contractors await official award for Jordan refinery project
> Construction starts for phosphates plant in Jordan
Vital oil and gas projects in Jordan are witnessing little to no progress without the robust project finance structure needed to help the sector’s growth.
Jordan imports more than 90 per cent of its oil, gas and refined product requirements and therefore has a strong economic case for developing hydrocarbon infrastructure projects.
However, despite the government being willing to push through projects deemed essential for reducing reliance on energy imports, the lack of project financing options and inability to attract foreign investments into the energy industry has led to these projects stalling.
Delays to the fourth expansion phase of the Zarqa refinery complex, Jordan’s only oil refining asset, are a prime example of the sluggish environment in Jordan’s oil and gas sector.
Zarqa refinery expansion
Located in Zarqa governorate, roughly 35 kilometres east of the Jordanian capital Amman, the refinery has a capacity of 60,000 barrels a day (b/d).
The refinery’s first expansion project was completed in 1970, when capacity was boosted to 2,100 tonnes a day. The second expansion was completed in 1973, and the third in 1982, when the refinery’s production was increased to 8,700 tonnes a day.
Jordan Petroleum Refinery Company (JPRC) aims to increase Zarqa’s refining potential by two and a half times to 150,000 b/d. The expansion is also planned to allow the Zarqa refinery to upgrade residual fuel oil into lighter products, in accordance with Euro 5 emission standards, to reduce reliance on imports.
JPRC has been working to double the Zarqa refinery’s production capacity since 2017, but the project has experienced several start-stops.
JPRC signed two separate agreements in April 2017 with the US’ Honeywell UOP and KBR to facilitate the expansion project.
Under the terms of the agreement, Honeywell UOP was to provide manager licensor services, technology licensing, front-end engineering and design (feed) consultancy services and basic engineering designs, as well as catalysts and process equipment, training and start-up services.
KBR was to license its proprietary slurry-phase hydrocracking technology for the project. KBR’s scope of work increased in November 2017 when it signed another agreement with JPRC for the basic engineering design of a residue hydroprocessor to be installed as part of the expansion.
In October 2017, Spain’s Tecnicas Reunidas was appointed feed consultant for the project. Feed work resumed in July 2018 after a temporary suspension, with KBR selected as the new process technology licensor. France-based Technip Energies is the project management consultant.
Prevailing situation
The prospects for the Zarqa refinery’s fourth expansion brightened recently when JPRC was reported to have selected contractors to execute engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) works on the project.
JPRC’s CEO, Abdul Karim al-Alawin, told Jordan’s Arabic-language newspaper Alghad that the state-owned refiner had awarded the project’s main contract, but stopped short of revealing the winner.
MEED learned through sources that JPRC had selected a consortium of Italian contractor Tecnimont and China’s Sinopec Engineering to execute EPC works on the expansion project. According to the sources, JPRC issued a notification in “early May” to all bidders competing for the project, informing them of the selection of Tecnimont/Sinopec Engineering for the project’s main contract.
However, the official EPC contract is yet to be awarded as JPRC continues to secure funding from international credit agencies and other lenders for the project, which is estimated to cost $2.64bn, according to Al-Alawin.
“There is no definite date for this. We are still in the negotiation process for funding. We cannot decide when these negotiations are completed,” the CEO told Alghad.
Oil shale resources
To offset high energy import costs, Jordan is focusing on developing its oil shale resources. The country possesses the fourth-largest reserves of the mineral deposit globally, behind the US, China and Russia, with an estimated 90-100 billion barrels of oil in its shale deposits.
The kingdom has achieved some measure of success in its oil shale development efforts in the past. In June 2021, the first 235MW power generation unit of Jordan’s $2.2bn oil shale independent power producer (IPP) project was connected to the national electricity grid.
Also in 2021, Amman was reportedly planning to launch a hydrocarbon exploration licensing round for nine concession areas across the country – an exercise yet to occur. The proposed licensing round would have focused on the Al-Azraq, Jafr, West Safawi, Sirhan, Sirhan Development, Dead Sea, Northern highlands, Petra and Rum concession areas.
Progress has been made on a project to exploit oil shale reserves in the Isfir-Jafr area, which measures 380 square kilometres and is located approximately 200km south of Amman.
Canada’s Questerre Energy Corporation signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Jordan’s Ministry of Energy & Mineral Resources in 2015 to appraise and develop oil shale in the Isfir-Jafr acreage. According to the latest information gathered by MEED Projects, the partners are preparing the main tender for the project.
Separately, in January this year, the ministry signed another MoU with Al-Majarrah Company for Shale Oil & Natural Resources to extract oil shale in Jordan’s Al-Lajoun area, which spans 15 sq km. Al-Majarrah is said to have begun a feasibility study for the project.
MEED's July 2023 report on Jordan also includes:
> POWER & WATER: Jordan sustains utility infrastructure progress
> CONSTRUCTION: Hospital boost for Jordan construction
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The scope includes package four at Diriyah Square, covering mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) and finishing works.
The contractors had submitted their best and final offers for the contract in October last year, as MEED reported.
Diriyah Square lies at the centre of the Diriyah project and will offer hospitality, residential, retail, leisure and entertainment facilities.
The contract is another significant contract win for UCC Saudi at the Diriyah project in recent weeks. Earlier this month, MEED exclusively reported that Diriyah Company had awarded a SR2.7bn ($727m) contract for the main construction works on the development’s Waldorf Astoria superblock.
The contract was awarded to the joint venture of Hassan Allam Construction Saudi and UCC Saudi.
The Waldorf Astoria superblock is a mixed-use development comprising a Waldorf Astoria hotel, Waldorf Astoria-branded residences, commercial and residential facilities, and office space.
The Waldorf Astoria hotel will feature 200 keys, while the residential component will comprise 47 branded residences.
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The Diriyah masterplan envisages the city as a cultural and lifestyle tourism destination. Located northwest of Riyadh’s city centre, it will cover 14 square kilometres and combine 300 years of history, culture and heritage with hospitality facilities.
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Gulf aviation ambitions face uncertain future26 June 2026

The Iranian drone strike on Kuwait International airport on 3 June was a reminder of the severity of the threat that Gulf aviation has faced. The attack caused significant structural damage to Terminal 1 and wounded several individuals. It was the third drone strike on the hub in recent months.
Kuwait has not been alone. After the conflict erupted on 28 February, Iranian strikes targeted some of the region’s most important aviation infrastructure. Dubai International airport, Zayed International airport in Abu Dhabi and Hamad International airport in Doha have all been hit. The attacks caused unprecedented disruption: between 28 February and 5 March alone, more than 15,000 flights were cancelled across seven major regional airports, affecting over 1.5 million passengers. Although the Gulf’s national carriers have resumed services, many international airlines have yet to return.
Aviation is crucial for the region. The sector is one of the most important drivers of economic growth across the GCC. In Dubai, it contributed an estimated AED137bn ($37bn), or 27% of GDP, in 2024 and supported 631,000 jobs. Those figures are expected to rise to AED196bn and 816,000 jobs by 2030. In Saudi Arabia, Vision 2030 targets 330 million annual passengers, connectivity to more than 250 destinations and air freight capacity of 4.5 million tonnes a year. The sector’s economic contribution is targeted to reach $74.6bn by 2030, up from $21.3bn.
Sector deteriorating
The financial community has been quick to update its assessment of the sector’s prospects. Fitch Ratings revised its global airport sector outlook from ‘neutral’ to ‘deteriorating’ in early June. The agency said the conflict has increased uncertainty over regional airspace availability, airline operations and travel demand, with implications for route stability and traffic quality.
Fitch’s assessment is a warning sign for the Gulf. The region’s major airports have built their business models on international connectivity, long-haul flying and transfer traffic – precisely the categories Fitch identifies as most exposed to rerouting risk and weaker visibility on demand. Gulf hub operators also face the prospect of further airspace restrictions affecting routes linking Asia, Europe and Africa.
The knock-on effects extend beyond airline revenues. Transfer passengers are also the highest-spending travellers in duty-free, retail and food and beverage outlets. Fitch noted that some Asia-Pacific airports have already begun benefiting from the redistribution of transit and long-haul traffic away from disrupted Gulf hubs.
The global body representing airlines, the International Air Transport Association (Iata), was equally downbeat when it released its latest financial outlook on 8 June. The organisation now expects the global airline industry to achieve a combined net profit of $23bn in 2026 – roughly half the $41bn previously projected and about half the $45bn estimated for 2025. The net profit margin is forecast at 2%, compared with the earlier projection of 3.9% and last year’s 4.2%. Net profit per passenger is expected to be $4.50, down from $9.10 in 2025.
“War-related disruptions in the Middle East and rising fuel costs have shifted the outlook for airlines to the worse,” said Willie Walsh, Iata’s director general. “At the regional level, all are in the black but with sharply reduced financial performance, with the exception of the Middle East. The Gulf carriers face operational uncertainty following a near complete shutdown of airspace at the outbreak of the war. These carriers are doing an amazing job maintaining connectivity, but major financial impacts are unavoidable.”
Fuel costs are a key part of the problem. Jet fuel prices are expected to average $152 a barrel for the year – an increase of almost 70% on the $90-a-barrel average recorded in 2025. The crack spread, or the premium for jet fuel over Brent crude oil, is expected to average $57 a barrel, an historic high. Total fuel costs for the global airline industry are forecast to rise by nearly 40% from $252bn in 2025 to $350bn in 2026. This is based on an expected average Brent crude oil price of $95 a barrel for the year, up 37% from $69 in 2025. Overall, industry operating expenses are expected to grow by 13% to $1.117tn, outpacing total revenue growth of 9.4% to $1.165tn.
Fitch also raised concerns about the availability of jet fuel in Europe, noting potential disruption to Middle Eastern supply chains. While the agency expects European fuel reserves to cover the summer months even if the Strait of Hormuz remains effectively closed, it cautioned that winter operations could prove more challenging if the disruption persists. Higher airfares and fuel surcharges could further weigh on near-term demand – a headwind for Gulf airports that have benefited in recent years from the restoration of long-haul leisure travel following the Covid-19 pandemic.
The insurance market adds another layer of complexity. Aviation policies typically grant insurers the right to cancel cover during active conflict, and the terms on which cover is being extended in a region that has seen airports repeatedly targeted are likely to be materially more expensive than before.
Jet fuel prices are expected to average $152 a barrel for the year – an increase of almost 70% on the $90-a-barrel average recorded in 2025
Carrier optimism
The Gulf’s airlines are more optimistic about the future. Abu Dhabi’s Etihad Airways said in early June that it is operating at 90% of its pre-war available seat kilometres – the key industry capacity metric – and that by 15 June the airline will surpass 100%. Planes are 84% full, and crucially, fares are back at pre-war levels. Officials at the airline say that demand for transit through Abu Dhabi from Paris to Asia is running so strongly that the airline is laying on two of its A380 aircraft a day on that corridor from July.
While the expectation in the industry outside the Gulf had been that carriers such as Etihad and Emirates would need to discount heavily to entice passengers back after the ceasefire, Etihad has said that it does not expect prices to come down.
The airline will not be entirely unscathed. Etihad had been on course to deliver a 10% operating margin in 2026, up from 8% in 2025, but that target will now be missed. The airline was badly hit in March, April and May and will not be fully back on track until August.
Dubai’s Emirates Group released its 2025-26 annual results in May, which confirmed the airline’s status as the world’s most profitable carrier for the reporting year. The group posted a record profit before tax of AED24.4bn ($6.6bn), up 7% year-on-year, on revenues of AED150.5bn, also a record.
Unprecedented situation
The context is important: the results cover the financial year to 31 March 2026, meaning only the final month of March was affected by the conflict. For the first 11 months, the group was surpassing its targets every month. March then brought what Emirates’ chairman and chief executive Sheikh Ahmed Bin Saeed Al-Maktoum described as an “unprecedented situation”. Emirates was flying just 58% of its capacity by 31 March.
Despite the disruption, the results illustrate the depth of the financial cushion the group has built. Emirates also announced a 20-week salary bonus for employees – far exceeding the 13-week payout that had been linked to performance targets. For the year ahead, Sheikh Ahmed said Emirates would continue taking aircraft deliveries and pressing ahead with its retrofit programme, without resorting to “knee-jerk cost control measures”. The group has hedged its fuel exposure through to 2028-29. “Our fundamentals are strong,” he said.
On 8 June, Riyadh Air – the airline backed by Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund – announced five new destinations: Cairo, Dubai, Jeddah, Madrid and Manchester, coinciding with the arrival of its first three Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner aircraft. The airline also moved up its inaugural London flight from 1 July to 10 June.
The airline will play a key role in delivering Saudi Arabia’s ambition to develop Riyadh into a global aviation hub and to position the kingdom as a major connecting point between East and West. The carrier has set a target of connecting Riyadh to more than 100 destinations worldwide by 2030. Pressing ahead with new routes and aircraft deliveries amid regional turbulence sends a signal that Saudi Arabia’s aviation ambitions are not for deferral.
Future direction
Looking ahead, there appears to be diverging fortunes for the sector. Globally, analysts say point-to-point leisure airports are typically better positioned than large hubs reliant on transfer traffic and international corridors, and this may also play out across the Middle East. Airports with a large share of local origin-and-destination demand may prove better insulated compared with the major connecting hubs whose business models depend on stable long-haul routings.
For the Gulf’s flagship hub carriers, including Emirates, Etihad and Qatar Airways, state ownership and strong backing mean that the question is less about survival and more about how long it will take to restore the full confidence of international airlines and their passengers.
Much remains uncertain. A ceasefire is in place and, as Sheikh Ahmed noted in the Emirates annual report, there are hopes for “a clear resolution to the hostilities soon, and a return to market stability”. But the drone attack on Kuwait shows that the threat from Iran to the region’s aviation infrastructure has not been neutralised. The coming months will be crucial in determining the long-term trajectory of Gulf aviation.
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Gulf IWPPs risk becoming a two-horse race26 June 2026
Commentary
Mark Dowdall
Power & water editorRecent independent water and power plant (IWPP) tenders have provided evidence that competition for large integrated projects is becoming increasingly concentrated among a relatively small group of developers.
In June, bids were submitted for two major IWPP schemes: Bahrain’s 1.2GW Sitra IWPP and the first phase of Kuwait’s Al-Khairan IWPP.
The main contract for both schemes was issued in the third quarter of 2025, giving developers almost a year to prepare submissions. Despite this, and a larger pool of developers qualifying for both projects, each attracted just two bids.
The trend is not limited to those two projects. Bahrain’s Electricity & Water Authority (EWA) is expected to decide soon which of two developers will advance its first standalone independent water project (IWP), the 60-million-imperial-gallon-a-day Al-Hidd desalination plant.
Earlier this year, Kuwait signed a 25-year energy conversion and water purchase agreement for the Al-Zour North IWPP phases two and three. Acwa and Gulf Investment Corporation (GIC) won the contract after submitting the lone bid last year.
None of this is particularly surprising. These projects often require significant equity commitments, sophisticated financing structures and the ability to manage substantial construction risk.
However, competitive tenders have traditionally helped governments secure attractive tariffs and broaden market participation. If bid numbers continue to lag, procuring authorities may eventually need to consider whether current procurement models remain attractive to a wider group of investors.
Demand for new generation and desalination capacity across the region is unlikely to ease anytime soon.
Kuwait’s next immediate focus is on advancing the 3,600MW Nuwaiseeb power and water desalination IWPP with a transaction advisory tender expected later this year.
Once again, developers will have to weigh up whether they are willing and able to compete for the region’s biggest IWPP opportunities.
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Seven bidders selected to participate in Algerian gas project tender26 June 2026
Seven bidders have been selected to participate in a gas project tender from the state-owned Algerian Electricity & Gas Company (Sonelgaz).
The bidders were selected after Sonelgaz opened the submitted technical bids.
The project is focused on the development of four gas transmission network monitoring centres in the North African country.
The scope of work for the contract will include studies, engineering, supplies, training, construction work and commissioning of the facilities.
The facility will include one national gas transmission network monitoring centre located in Algiers.
It will also include three regional gas transmission network monitoring centres. These will be located in Blida, Oran and Constantine.
The seven companies that prequalified to participate in the tender are:
- Giza Systems (Egypt)
- Emerson (US)
- Honeywell (US)
- China National Machinery Import & Export Corporation (China)
- Dongfang Electronics (China)
- Zepdi (China) with Yokogawa (Japan)
- China State Construction Engineering Corporation (China) with China Petroleum Pipeline Engineering (China) and CPLH Group (China)
Gas transmission network monitoring centres are typically used to monitor physical gas transportation, including gas flow and pressure.
They are usually staffed around the clock, and the operators can address faults in gas transmission systems by opening and closing valves remotely.
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Kuwait prepares to retender fuel depot project26 June 2026

State-owned downstream operator Kuwait National Petroleum Company (KNPC) is preparing to retender the contract to develop a new fuel depot in Kuwait’s Al-Mutlaa area and is seeking expressions of interest (EoIs) from contractors.
KNPC issued the latest EoI request on 24 June, setting a deadline of 2 July for contractors to submit responses.
Lebanon’s Consolidated Contractors Company (CCC) originally submitted a low bid of KD357.3m ($1.16bn) for the project ahead of a deadline on 22 December 2024, but the contract was never awarded.
In May last year, MEED reported that the contract had come in 43% over its allotted budget.
The scope of the latest version of the project has changed compared to the version for which bids were submitted in 2024.
According to the latest documents circulated by KNPC, the scope of the project’s latest version focuses on four main areas.
The first is the Matlaa Depot itself, where the new facilities will include:
- 11 storage tanks
- Distribution facilities
- A terminal automation system
- Road tanker loading and unloading facilities with vapour recovery
- New offices and facilities buildings
- Electrical substations
- Utilities
- Fire water tanks and pumps
- Effluent treatment facilities
The second scope area is a range of utilities for the depot, which include:
- Overhead lines (with a total approximate length of 20 kilometres)
- Four transformers
- Associated works to supply the Matla depot with electricity
- A 20km water pipeline with a diameter of 14 inches
The third scope area is two parallel cross-country pipelines. One will have a diameter of 12 inches, the other 10 inches, and both will extend for around 130km.
These pipelines will transport unleaded gasoline with octanes of 91 and 95 from the tank farm located next to the Mina Abdullah and Mina Al-Ahmadi refineries.
The scope of work associated with these pipelines will include eight block valve stations as well as a new 14-inch pipeline with a diameter of 14 inches that will tie in with existing 20-inch pipelines to supply the depot with diesel.
The fourth scope area is focused on developing new infrastructure and modifying infrastructure at the tank farm located next to the Mina Abdullah and Mina Al-Ahmadi refineries.
This work will include:
- Tank modification for tie-in works
- New pumps
- New flow lines
- Electrical substations
- Extensions to existing buildings
Ahead of the previous tender for the main contract for this project, there were long-running debates within KNPC over the types of fuel to be transported to the depot.
The facility will store fuels for distribution within Kuwait.
Some officials wanted fuel that does not meet European import standards to make up a high volume of the fuel transported to the facility, so that more export-quality fuel can be sold to foreign markets.
Other officials wanted the European-standard fuel to be used more widely in Kuwait due to its lower environmental impact.
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