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Gulf races to reroute trade

1 June 2026

 

The Strait of Hormuz has been the jugular vein of global energy markets for decades. A mere 33 kilometres (km) wide at its narrowest point, the maritime chokepoint has historically carried roughly one-sixth of the world’s oil consumption and one-third of its liquefied natural gas.

With Iran effectively closing the strait in 2026, the Gulf has been forced into an accelerated search for alternative shipping routes – not only for oil exports leaving the region, but also for the imports of food, consumer goods and industrial inputs that keep Gulf economies running.

Fujairah expansion

The importance of alternative logistics routes was illustrated on 17 April, when UAE President Sheikh Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan conducted a high-profile inspection of Fujairah port. During the tour, the leadership reviewed operations intended to ensure business continuity at the highest levels of efficiency and affirmed the port’s role as a key UAE asset supporting the international energy market. 

Data released after a visit by the Minister of Energy and Infrastructure Suhail Mohamed Al-Mazrouei on 30 April underscored the scale of the shift. He said that since the spike in tensions, container handling had surged past 262,000 units at eastern ports. To sustain flows, about 4,800 trucks are operating daily, supported by a network monitoring 1,200 vessels within UAE waters.

Fujairah port’s throughput has increased twentyfold, while daily truck movements have risen thirtyfold compared to pre-crisis levels. The storage footprint has expanded to over 7 million square metres. Crucially for regional partners, Fujairah has dedicated areas to handle more than 2.8 million metric tonnes of bulk cargo arriving from other GCC countries.

The strategic importance of Fujairah was underlined on 4 May when Iran launched 12 ballistic missiles, three cruise missiles and four drones targeting the emirate, setting an oil facility ablaze and injuring three Indian nationals. 

On the same day, an Adnoc- affiliated crude oil tanker was struck by drones while transiting the strait.

The attack on the Fujairah Oil Industry Zone targeted a hub hosting major midstream players including Saudi Aramco, Vopak Horizon and Adnoc.

Fujairah also serves as the terminus for the 300km Abu Dhabi Crude Oil Pipeline (ADCOP), linking the Habshan oil facility to the eastern seaboard and enabling the UAE to export a significant portion of Murban crude without entering the Gulf.

Fujairah’s strategic importance will grow further. The West-East crude oil pipeline that Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (Adnoc) is building from Jebel Dhanna in Abu Dhabi to the emirate of Fujairah is set to be commissioned in 2027.

Following a meeting of Adnoc Group’s board of directors on 15 May, the Abu Dhabi Media Office issued a statement saying that Sheikh Khaled Bin Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Chairman of the Abu Dhabi Executive Council,  “directed Adnoc to accelerate delivery of the project, as the company moves forward into a new phase of world-scale project execution to meet global energy demand”.

The cross-country project involves constructing a pipeline to transport crude from Adnoc’s main export terminal at Jebel Dhanna to the Fujairah terminal, a distance of about 520km. Once commissioned, it will double Adnoc’s crude export capacity through Fujairah on the Indian Ocean coast, enabling shipments to bypass the geopolitically sensitive Strait of Hormuz.

The West-East crude oil pipeline will double Adnoc’s crude export capacity through Fujairah

Import routes

Diversifying export routes for crude is only one dimension of the post-Hormuz landscape.

The broader GCC economy must also keep goods flowing in. Food, consumer goods, construction materials, medical supplies and spare parts are all vital to Gulf economies. To help maintain a steady stream of imports, a ‘Green Corridor’ was activated on 13 March between Dubai and Oman. It allows goods destined for the UAE to be offloaded at Omani seaports such as Sohar or Salalah and transported by land through the Hatta border.

Retail and logistics players have tested unconventional routes as well. UAE supermarket chain Spinneys conducted a trial shipment of dry goods from the UK involving Mediterranean Sea crossings to Egypt and overland transit through Saudi Arabia, including the use of the Port of Neom on the Red Sea coast.

Logistics hub

On 20 May, Fujairah Terminals, part of AD Ports Group, announced the signing of three strategic land lease agreements with Fujairah International airport, Fujairah Free Zone Authority and Al-Dahra Agriculture Trading. The agreements aim to enhance connectivity and unlock new commercial opportunities across regional and international markets, while supporting the development of logistics and industrial capabilities and enabling more efficient use of port and adjacent infrastructure.

The leased lands have a combined area of 130,000 square metres and will be used to enhance Fujairah Terminals’ logistics capabilities, reinforcing Fujairah’s role as a key gateway for regional and global trade and supporting the UAE’s position as a leading hub for logistics, maritime services and industrial growth.

Saudi Arabia is also using its pipelines to bypass the Hormuz. Saudi Aramco’s East-West pipeline has reached its maximum capacity of 7 million barrels a day. Aramco president and CEO Amin Nasser recently said the company’s first-quarter performance reflected “strong resilience and operational flexibility in a complex geopolitical environment”, describing the pipeline as a “critical supply artery” that mitigated the impact of a global energy shock.

For other Gulf countries the options are more limited. Shipping monitors have reported that Kuwait recorded zero crude exports in April – the first such occurrence since the 1991 Gulf War. Kuwait normally ships almost all of its 3 million barrels a day (b/d) of exports through Hormuz. Output reportedly fell to 500,000 b/d in March as storage reached capacity. With oil sales accounting for roughly 90% of government revenue, the effect on the Kuwaiti treasury has been severe. 

Bahrain and Qatar have similar geographical challenges.

The crisis has revived talk of multinational pipelines bypassing the strait. A working paper from Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy proposes a Gulf Super Express Pipeline that would begin in southern Iraq’s Basra oil fields, cross Kuwait, run along the Saudi coast to pick up additional volumes, then cross the UAE and terminate on Oman’s Arabian Sea coast at Duqm and Salalah. The proposal envisages twin 56-inch lines with a combined capacity of 10 million b/d, and includes $10.1bn for defence and hardening. Total capital expenditure is estimated at $55.6bn. 

Proponents argue the security premium could be $1-$2 a barrel to ensure that half the region’s exportable capacity remains accessible should the Strait of Hormuz be closed.

These projects will create a steady workload for the construction industry in the years ahead

Rail revival

For other goods, rail is increasingly being promoted as the key to resilience. 

The GCC has upcoming rail projects worth more than $140bn. An important project is the Hafeet Rail scheme, which is a 238km line connecting Oman’s port of Sohar to the UAE’s Etihad Rail network. As of April 2026, the project is 40% complete. Once operational, a single freight train would be able to transport 15,000 tonnes of cargo – equivalent to 270 standard containers – providing a high-capacity, land-based alternative to coastal shipping.

Future projects linking GCC states are being accelerated too. On 7 May, Saudi Arabia Railways began the procurement process to deliver its portion of the GCC railway, which will connect all six member states. The kingdom’s section of the railway will start at Al-Khafji in the Eastern Province, near the border with Kuwait, and end at Al-Batha, at Saudi Arabia’s border with the UAE. The Saudi section will span approximately 672km and interface with the Kuwait National Rail Road project on the Kuwaiti side. 

The wider GCC railway network will span 2,186km, beginning in Kuwait, passing through Dammam in Saudi Arabia, reaching Bahrain via a planned causeway, and continuing onwards to Qatar, the UAE and Oman through the Hafeet Rail link.

These projects – encompassing pipelines, ports, railways and associated roads – will  create a steady workload for the region’s construction industry in the years ahead and, more importantly, will enhance the GCC’s economic resilience following the closure of the Strait of Hormuz. 

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Colin Foreman

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