Gaza conflict puts region on edge again
26 December 2023

For much of 2023, the defining narrative for the Middle East was one of reconciliation. From Iran and Saudi Arabia agreeing to rekindle diplomatic relations under a China-brokered deal in March, and Syria’s President Bashar al-Assad being welcomed to an Arab League summit in Riyadh in May, leaders favoured diplomacy over division.
Not all wounds healed, but even in Yemen an unofficial truce between Houthi rebels and Saudi-backed forces largely held throughout the year.
The Hamas assault on Israel on 7 October and Israel’s response dramatically altered the picture, although whether it will lead to lasting regional change remains to be seen.
Prior to the fighting, few minds in the region were focused on the Palestinian issue, with far more attention being paid to developing commercial and security ties. Saudi Arabia was widely thought to be edging closer to normalisation with Israel, with Israeli ministers starting to visit the kingdom regularly.
Israel’s Communications Minister Shlomo Karhi was in Riyadh on 1 October for a conference. Tourism Minister Haim Katz visited for a World Tourism Organisation event a week earlier.
Such trips are now off the agenda, with Riyadh focused on leading the Islamic world in condemning Israel. On 11 November, it hosted a joint summit of the Arab League and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Among the attendees was Iran’s President Ebrahim Raisi – the first visit by an Iranian president to Saudi Arabia since 2012. Raisi used the occasion to invite Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman al-Saud to visit Tehran, a sign that the pre-war trend for reconciliatory diplomacy has not entirely disappeared.
The Gaza conflict has been particularly difficult to navigate for Abraham Accord signatories Bahrain, Morocco and the UAE. Bahrain suspended economic ties with Israel, but there has been no sign from any of the three of wanting to break off relations altogether.
“How far the war goes will determine how the relationship [with Israel] develops,” said one analyst.
Some other diplomatic gains are also being made against the backdrop of the war. Qatari Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman al-Thani travelled to Manama on 17 November as part of an energetic diplomatic push to bring the Israeli/Palestinian war to an end.
Sheikh Mohammed held talks with Prime Minister and Crown Prince Salman bin Hamad al-Khalifa, and they agreed to revive long-abandoned plans to build a ‘friendship bridge’ between the countries.
Navigating the multi-polar world will remain a key challenge for Gulf powers in the year ahead
Another trend evident in recent years has also continued – namely the efforts by some Gulf powers to dilute their ties with Western allies and build stronger links with China, Russia and others.
A clear sign of this came in August when the UAE and Saudi Arabia were invited to join the Brics grouping of major non-Western economies. They are set to formally join in January.
But in an indication of their desire to maintain links with all sides, Saudi Arabia and the UAE then signed up to the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (Imec) initiative at the G20 summit in New Delhi, India, in mid-September.
Navigating the increasingly multi-polar world will remain a key challenge for Gulf powers in the year ahead.
Imminent peril
In other parts of the region, the situation holds more immediate peril. In Egypt, the economy is in a parlous state, with President Abdul Fattah al-Sisi relying on Gulf allies to prop up an economy facing over $29bn of debt repayments in 2024.
Neighbouring Libya remains divided between rival administrations with their own regional allies. Turkiye and Qatar have supported the Tripoli-based government of Prime Minister Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah, while Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the UAE back General Khalifa Haftar and his Libyan National Army in the east.
In Sudan, the UAE-backed Rapid Support Forces (RSF) have been fighting President General Abdel-Fattah Burhan’s Sudanese Armed Forces in a vicious civil war since April. Peace talks in Riyadh in late September failed to deliver a ceasefire, and the UAE has been implicated in the delivery of weapons to the RSF.
Tunisia is quieter, but the economy is in a delicate state and the lurch towards authoritarian dictatorship under President Kais Saied is making observers nervous.
Tensions between Algeria and Morocco are also problematic. The two countries have long been at odds over Western Sahara, but relations have become more strained in recent years, with Algiers severing diplomatic ties in 2021. Algerian coast guards killed two Moroccans in August 2023 when they strayed into Algerian waters on their jet skis – an incident that could have readily escalated.
In Iraq, political disagreements came to the fore in November when the Supreme Court removed parliamentary speaker Mohammed al-Halbousi – the country’s most powerful Sunni politician – from office. Iran-backed Iraqi militias have also been flexing their muscle since the Gaza war, launching dozens of attacks on US forces in the country.
Other Iraqi court rulings have also caused disquiet, particularly a September decision by the Constitutional Court to annul a bilateral treaty on sharing the Khor Abdullah waterway with Kuwait.
Iran meanwhile weathered the protests that erupted in the wake of Marsa Amini’s death in September 2022. Tehran’s emerging challenge is in managing the response of its regional allies to the Gaza conflict. The actions of its other allies
in the region – including the Houthis in Yemen and Hezbollah in Lebanon – could set the tone for the whole region in the year ahead.
Image: Smoke rises after Israeli air strikes on the city of Rafah in the southern Gaza Strip on 10 October 2023
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Bahrain’s willingness to disrupt takes flight with Air Asia14 November 2025
Commentary
Colin Foreman
EditorAs the smallest economy in the GCC, Bahrain has long understood that its competitive edge lies in being agile and prepared to disrupt established economic models.
This proactive approach began decades ago with the deregulation of its telecoms sector, positioning it ahead of many GCC peers in opening that market. More recently, the same strategic foresight emerged in the fintech space with the early adoption of regulatory sandboxes and a supportive digital finance ecosystem.
Bahrain’s disruptive lens is now focused on the aviation sector. At the Gateway Gulf investor forum in Manama on 3 November, Bahrain signed a letter of intent with Malaysia-headquartered Capital A Berhad and Air Asia. The agreement covers the establishment of a hub in Bahrain as low-cost carrier Air Asia and its related businesses expand beyond Asia into new markets, including Europe and Africa.
A hub in Bahrain, which is located to the west of its existing hubs in Asia, will allow Air Asia to connect to the European and African markets, allowing it to develop a network that will be a low-cost alternative to the full-service airlines based in the Gulf that also bridge east and west, including Bahrain’s flag carrier Gulf Air.
Bahrain and Air Asia will not be competing on scale; instead, they will disrupt with lower prices. This agility will allow the kingdom to carve out a distinctive niche in an otherwise highly competitive market.
The strategic pivot is made viable by recent, essential capital investment in aviation infrastructure. A new terminal building was opened at Bahrain International airport in 2022. This has significantly increased passenger capacity and modernised operations, creating an attractive platform for a major international low-cost carrier like Air Asia to base its extensive operations.
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Firms interested in Qiddiya high-speed rail revealed14 November 2025

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Saudi Arabia's Royal Commission for Riyadh City, in collaboration with Qiddiya Investment Company and the National Centre for Privatisation & PPP, have received interest from over 145 local and international companies for a contract to develop the Qiddiya high-speed rail project in Riyadh.
These include 68 contracting companies, 23 design and project management consultants, 16 investment firms, 12 rail operators, 10 rolling stock providers and 16 other services firms.
The lead developers and contractors that have expressed interest are:
- Afcons Contracting Company / Shapoorji Pallonji (India)
- Al-Omaier Trading & Contracting (local)
- Al-Rashid Trading & Contracting Company (local)
- Al-Rawaf Contracting (local)
- Al-Ayuni Investment & Contracting Company (local)
- AlBawani (local)
- Al-Fahd Company (local)
- Alghanim International (Kuwait)
- Alkhorayef Water and Power Technologies (local)
- Almabani General Contractors (local)
- Amar (local)
- Anjal Al-Khair Contracting (local)
- Aviation Industry Corporation of China (China)
- Bouygues Travaux Publics (France)
- China Railway 18th Bureau Group (China)
- China Harbour Engineering Company (China)
- Built Industrial Company (local)
- Cap France (France)
- China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (China)
- China Machinery Engineering Corporation (China)
- China Railway Construction Corporation (China)
- China Railway International Group Co (China)
- Copasa (Spain)
- Dineshchandra R. Agrawal Infracon (India)
- Dogus Insaat (Turkiye)
- EDECS Contracting (Egypt)
- El-Seif Engineering Contracting (local)
- El-Soadaa Group (Egypt)
- ElSewedy Electric (Egypt)
- Esnad Contracting (local)
- FCC Construccion (Spain)
- Freyssinet (France)
- Global Construction Development Solutions Company (local)
- Gulermak (Turkiye)
- Hassan Allam Construction (Egypt)
- Hyundai Engineering & Construction (South Korea)
- IC Ictas (Turkiye)
- Imathia Construccion (Spain)
- Kalyon Insaat (Turkiye)
- Kolin Construction (Turkiye)
- Larsen & Toubro (India)
- Makyol (Turkiye)
- Mapa Group (Turkiye)
- Marubeni (Japan)
- Mofarreh AlHarbi & Partners (local)
- Mota-Engil (Portugal)
- Mubarak Abdullah AlSuwaiket & Sons (local)
- Nesma & Partners (local)
- Nesma Infrastructure & Technology (local)
- Nurol Construction (Turkiye)
- Orascom Construction (Egypt)
- Saudi Pan Kingdom (local)
- Redco International (Egypt)
- Rio Contracting (local) (local)
- Rowad Modern Engineering (Egypt)
- Safari Company (local)
- Saipem (Spain)
- Salcef (Spain)
- Samama (local)
- Samsung C&T Corporation (South Korea)
- Saraya Al-Andalus (local)
- Syneox (Cobra) (Spain)
- The Arab Contractors (Egypt)
- Twaik Holding (local)
- UCC Holding (Qatar)
- Webuild (Italy)
- Yapı Merkezi (Turkiye)
Expressions of interest have also been submitted by the following design and project management consultants:
- Aecom (US)
- AtkinsRealis (Canada)
- Ayesa Engineering (Spain)
- CH2M (USA)
- Contrax International (UAE)
- El-Raeid Consulting Engineers (Egypt)
- Gensler (US)
- Geoharbour (China)
- Hatch (Canada)
- Hill International (US)
- Idom (Spain)
- Introsoft Solutions (India)
- Italferr (Italy)
- KL Consults Associates (Malaysia)
- Kunhwa Engineering and Consulting Company (South Korea)
- Marrs Global (UK)
- One Works (Italy)
- PPMDC (local)
- Rina Services (Italy)
- Sener (Spain)
- Surbana Jurong (Singapore)
- Systra (France)
- Typsa (Spain)
Equity investors that expressed interest in the Qiddiya high-speed rail project are:
- Aberdeen Investcorp (Bahrain)
- AlGihaz Holding (local)
- Almutlaq Real Estate Investment Company (local)
- Arj Holding (local)
- Foure Holdings (US)
- Itochu Corporation (Japan)
- Korea Overseas Infrastructure & Urban Development Corporation (Kind; South Korea)
- Lamar Holding (local)
- Mada International Holding (local)
- Meritz Financial Group (South Korea)
- MXB Investment (local)
- Plenary (Australia)
- Sojitz (Japan)
- Tamasuk (local)
- Vinci Concessions (France)
- Vision Invest (local)
The rail operators that submitted expressions of interest are as follows:
- Alsa Grupo (Spain)
- Alsaif Transportation Company (local)
- DB International Operations (Germany)
- Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane (Italy)
- Intertoll Europe (Hungary)
- Keolis (France)
- Moventis (Spain)
- MTR Corporation (Hong Kong)
- Ratp Dev (France)
- Renfe Operadora (Spain)
- Serco (UK)
- Transdev (France)
Interest in the project was also expressed by the following 10 rolling stock and systems suppliers:
- Alstom (France)
- CAF (Spain)
- Colas Rail (France)
- CRRC (Hong Kong)
- CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles (China)
- Hitachi Rail (Japan)
- Hyundai Rotem (South Korea)
- Siemens (Germany)
- Stadler Rail (Switzerland)
- Talgo (Spain)
And finally, the other service providers that expressed interest in the project are:
- Al-Nasser (local)
- Alutec (Qatar)
- Alvarez & Marsal (US)
- Comatec (Finland)
- Concrete Technology Company (UAE)
- Generale Costruzioni Ferroviarie (Italy)
- Hogan Lovells (UK)
- Indra (Spain)
- Intellex Consulting Services (US)
- International SOS (UK)
- Najd Wire Industries Company (local)
- Rawasi Albina (local)
- Smart Directions (local)
- STC (local)
- Workforce Staffing Solutions (UAE)
- Zebraware (UK)
The firms submitted their expressions of interest on 12 October, as MEED reported.
The clients issued the notice to the market in September.
The Qiddiya high-speed rail project will connect King Salman International airport and King Abdullah Financial District (KAFD) in Riyadh with Qiddiya City.
Also known as Q-Express, the railway line will travel at speeds of up to 250 kilometres an hour, reaching Qiddiya in 30 minutes.
The project was previously planned to be developed under a conventional model, but will now progress under a public-private partnership (PPP) model.
The line is expected to be developed in two phases. The first phase will connect Qiddiya with KAFD and King Khalid International airport.
The second phase will start from a development known as the North Pole – which is understood to include the Public Investment Fund’s proposed 2-kilometre-tall tower – and travel to the New Murabba development, King Salman Park, central Riyadh and Industrial City in the south of Riyadh.
In November 2023, MEED reported that French consultant Egis had been appointed as the technical adviser for the project.
UK-based consultancy Ernst & Young is acting as the transaction adviser on the project. Latham & Watkins is the legal adviser.
Qiddiya is one of Saudi Arabia’s five official gigaprojects and covers a total area of 376 square kilometres (sq km), with 223 sq km of developed land.
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Meraas awards $120m Citywalk expansion project deal14 November 2025
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Local real estate developer Meraas has awarded a AED440m ($120m) contract for the construction of the Northline residential project in the Al-Wasl area of Dubai.
The contract was awarded to the local GCC Contracting Company.
The project includes the construction of three residential buildings. Construction works are expected to begin shortly and the project is slated for completion by 2027.
The enabling works were undertaken by the local International Foundations Group.
The project is part of the recently announced City Walk expansion project.
In June, Merass announced the City Walk Crestlane project as it continued its expansion of the City Walk residential community.
City Walk Crestlane comprises two residential towers offering 198 one- to five-bedroom units.
The project is expected to be completed and handed over by the third quarter of 2028.
Meraas’ latest project contract award in Dubai is backed by heightened real estate activity in the UAE’s construction market. Schemes worth over $323bn are in the execution or planning stages, according to UK analytics firm GlobalData.
The company forecasts that the output of the UAE’s construction sector will grow by 4.2% in real terms in 2025, supported by developments in infrastructure, energy and utilities, as well as residential construction projects.
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Contractors prepare bids for Aramco gas compression project13 November 2025

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Saudi Aramco is making progress with the main contract tendering process for a project to boost gas compression capacity at the Shedgum and Uthmaniya processing plants in the kingdom’s Eastern Province.
The Shedgum and Uthmaniya plants currently receive approximately 870 million cubic feet a day (cf/d) and 1.2 billion cf/d of Khuff raw gas, respectively.
Through this multibillion-dollar project, Aramco aims to increase the compression and processing capacity of the two plants, as well as to construct new pipelines to enhance gas transport.
Contractors are preparing bids for several engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) packages of the Shedgum and Uthmaniya gas compression capacity expansion project. Aramco has set a bid submission deadline of 17 November, according to sources.
The Saudi energy giant is understood to have started the solicitation of interest process for the main EPC contract tendering exercise in the fourth quarter of last year.
Aramco then issued the tenders for the EPC packages of the scheme during the second quarter of this year and set an initial bid submission deadline of 17 August, the sources said.
In line with its aim of increasing gas production and processing capacity by 60% by 2030, with 2021 as its baseline, Aramco is investing significant capital in gas projects in the kingdom this year.
Aramco’s capital expenditure (capex) in the third quarter of 2025 stood at $12.55bn, a marginal year-on-year increase of 2%. For the first nine months of the year, the firm registered capex of $37.41bn, an increase of 3.38% compared to the same period last year.
The company previously announced capital investment guidance in the range of $52bn-$58bn for 2025, excluding around $4bn of project financing.
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READ THE NOVEMBER 2025 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDFMena players up the ante in global LNG production race; Investment takes UAE non-oil economy from strength to strength; Project finance activity draws international lenders back to market
Distributed to senior decision-makers in the region and around the world, the November 2025 edition of MEED Business Review includes:
> AGENDA 1: Gulf LNG sector enters a new prolific phase> INDUSTRY REPORT 1: Region sees evolving project finance demand> INDUSTRY REPORT 2: Iraq leads non-GCC project finance activity> GREEN STEEL: Abu Dhabi takes the lead in green steel transition> DIGITISATION: Riyadh-based organisation drives digital growth> UAE MARKET FOCUS: Investment shapes UAE growth storyTo see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click herehttps://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/15075053/main4642.jpg -
Aramco Stadium races towards completion12 November 2025

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The Aramco Stadium in Khobar is moving forward at an impressive pace as the fast-track project races towards completion in 2026.
The 47,000-seat stadium will be the new home for the Aramco-owned Al-Qadsiah Club and a key venue for the 2027 AFC Asian Cup and the 2034 Fifa World Cup.
The project’s progress stems from detailed planning and an accelerated delivery strategy. The project was conceived in May 2023, with the design process, managed by Aramco, commencing shortly thereafter.
“We completed the design within six months,” said Mohammed Subhi, the Aramco Stadium’s project manager.

The project advanced quickly due to thorough planning and a fast-track delivery approach. Initiated in May 2023, the design phase—overseen by Aramco—was completed within six months
An early engagement approach with the main contractor – a joint venture of Besix and Al-Bawani – was instrumental in maintaining momentum. This partnership began early in 2024, allowing for collaborative input on critical construction elements.
This upfront collaboration minimised pre-construction time, ensuring a rapid transition to site work.
Engineering challenges
The stadium’s architectural design, inspired by the natural whirlpools of the Gulf and featuring interwoven transparent sails, presents significant engineering challenges, particularly in the structural steel and façade work. For spectator comfort, the stadium is equipped with full cooling systems and designed to the highest international standards.Logistics management is another crucial facet of the project, which is located in central Khobar. With thousands of workers on site, the movement of materials is tightly controlled to minimise community disruption.
“We control how many trucks can enter the site and at what time. For example, we cannot cast concrete during the day. It has to be after 6pm, up until the early morning,” said Subhi.
A key priority on site is health and safety, an area where the organisation’s legacy from its oil and gas operations is clearly visible. Subhi explains that the principle of health and safety is part of the company’s DNA and is embodied in the deployment of advanced technology and rigorous standards, which have collectively resulted in over 10 million safe working hours to date.
The project employs a sophisticated Smart Safety Command Centre (SCC), which utilises artificial intelligence-based monitoring and 24/7 surveillance. One key feature of the centre is the crane collision prevention system – a key technological advancement in heavy machinery coordination and a first for the region.
“We have tower cranes and crawler cranes talking to each other. The anti-collision system means cranes talk to each other without human interference, and they automatically shut down when they are too close to each other,” said Subhi.

A key technological advancement is the crane collision prevention system, which means the cranes talk to each other and shut down if they become too close
In addition to ground operations, the project is leveraging aerial technology to mitigate risk in high-altitude work.
“We have used drones for the inspection of the cranes and inspection of the steel structure itself to minimise the risk of working at height,” said Subhi.

Drones have been adopted on-site to mitigate the risk of working at height
Worker welfare
The project’s commitment extends beyond mere regulatory compliance to comprehensive worker welfare, establishing a high standard for construction sites in the region.
With current staffing reaching approximately 11,000 direct and indirect workers, welfare provisions are a core priority, linking directly back to Aramco’s corporate standards.
In a region where extreme heat is a constant challenge, the project has implemented advanced heat stress management protocols. This includes the installation of heat sensors with alarm systems, mandatory work stoppage during peak heat hours and regular briefings on heat exhaustion symptoms. Fully air-conditioned rest areas are provided for breaks and meals.
Aramco is also committed to developing national talent. A significant proportion of the staff are young, and about 20% of the team are women.
The relationship with the joint-venture contractor is defined by collaboration rather than traditional client-contractor hierarchy. “We are one team, working together,” said Subhi. This approach has fostered a cooperative environment that is accelerating the on-site progress towards the 2026 completion goal.
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