Cop28 must deliver on promises

25 October 2023

Commentary
Jennifer Aguinaldo
Energy & technology editor

 

There is a good chance that the average delegate attending the 2023 Conference of the Parties of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Cop28) will skip visiting or driving past the key clean energy installations in the UAE.

These include the wind turbines on Sir Baniyas Island, 9.5 kilometres (km) off Jebel Dhana in Abu Dhabi; the $29bn Barakah nuclear power plant in Al-Gharbia, close to the border with Saudi Arabia; the solar farms in Sweihan and Al-Dhafra in Abu Dhabi; and Dubai’s Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum Solar Park, 50km from Expo City, the venue for Cop28.

For many delegates, a trip to these sites is unnecessary. They are aware of the UAE’s green credentials, with the country having ploughed billions of dollars into investments aimed at decarbonising its economy, and more still to come.

For others, however, a single statistic undermines the positive environmental steps that the world’s sixth-largest crude exporter has taken. State-backed energy firm Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (Adnoc) plans to increase its oil production capacity from 4 million barrels a day (b/d) to 5 million b/d by 2027.

Double-edged strategy

Critics, who include the head of the Catholic Church, Pope Francis, have warned of the dangers of a double-edged energy transition strategy. Cop28 president-designate Sultan al-Jaber, managing director and CEO of Adnoc, prefers to describe such an approach as pragmatic.

An agreement requiring developed countries to provide loss and damage funding to countries most affected by climate change was a key takeaway from last year’s UN climate change conference in Egypt (Cop27). However, there was a lack of progress on the phasing down or out of fossil fuels.

The onus is now on the UAE, whose energy transition approach embraces energy sources from fossil fuels to green hydrogen, to deliver a more productive conference.

The hope is that the UAE’s status as an oil- exporting country, and the selection of an oil industry stalwart to lead this year’s negotiations, will not distract from the important tasks that the 12-day event aims to tackle.

Cop28 will see the first global stocktake of the progress countries have made towards their emissions reduction commitments or nationally determined contributions (NDCs).

Al-Jaber has also promised to supercharge climate finance and put more pressure on developed countries to fulfil the commitment they made at Cop15 in Copenhagen to mobilise $100bn annually by 2020. This target has been missed repeatedly.

A UAE finance initiative that will provide $4.5bn to help unlock Africa’s clean energy potential was announced in early September and is an example of such commitment.

Al-Jaber’s insistence on putting oil and gas companies at the heart of the climate dialogue is proving both decisive and divisive, however, depending on which side of the climate debate one supports.

“This is your opportunity to show the world that, in fact, you are central to the solution,” he told the oil and gas-dominated Adipec conference held in Abu Dhabi on 2-5 October.

How can green ammonia compete with grey ammonia if the gas for the grey ammonia is provided at a fraction of world market prices?
Cornelius Matthes, Dii Desert Energy

Cyril Widdershoven, global energy market analyst at Netherlands-based consultancy Verocy, supports Al-Jaber’s views. 

“The main Cop28 outcome will be linked to an even and rational transition from hydrocarbons to renewables, taking into account the overall need to cut emissions and [carbon] footprint,” he says. 

The summit will lead to a realisation that hydrocarbons will be a major part of the overall energy scene for decades to come, as the world is not yet ready to be fully electrified, Widdershoven adds.

The oil and gas industry’s increased presence at, and participation in, Cop28 is expected to make an impact.

“There will be huge pressure on the oil and gas industry to participate in the decarbonisation of energy systems, first by eliminating methane flaring and then eliminating emissions from their own operations by 2030,” says Paddy Padmanathan, co-founder and vice-chairman of clean energy firm Zhero and former CEO of Saudi utility developer Acwa Power.

“Abu Dhabi can influence the national oil companies to sign up to this, and Adnoc and Saudi Aramco should be able to influence the international oil companies to sign up.”

Top 10 UAE clean energy projects

Walking the talk

The UAE has shown leadership by being the first country in the Middle East and North Africa (Mena) region to initiate the phasing out of fossil fuel subsidies in 2015, Cornelius Matthes, CEO of Dubai-based Dii Desert Energy, tells MEED. 

“It was also the first Mena country to introduce a net-zero 2050 target in 2021, and has an unparalleled track record in building some of the largest solar plants in the world at record-low prices.”

Since other countries in the region have already followed the UAE’s lead, the expectation is for Cop28 to provide impetus for similar initiatives to accelerate.

With Abu Dhabi leading, Zhero’s Padmanathan expects it will also be possible to secure financial commitments
to the Loss & Damage Fund that was established at Cop27.

A declaration from the world’s 46 least-developed countries cited a “strong outcome operationalising the new Loss & Damage Fund” among their key expectations and priorities for Cop28.

Home to more than 14 per cent of the world’s population, these countries contribute about 1 per cent of emissions from fossil fuels and industrial processes and most are on the front line of the climate crisis. The majority need funds to deal with the impact of climate change in sectors such as agriculture, while others require funds to develop clean energy sources. 

Tripling initiative

The goal of tripling global renewable energy capacity is expected be included in the agenda for Cop28.

This is in line with the International Energy Agency’s recommendation that the world needs to triple global renewable energy capacity by 2030 if the 1.5 degrees Celsius cap on global warming that was agreed in Paris in 2015 is to still be within reach.

However, this goal needs a clear mechanism to be effective, according to an expert in the renewable energy field.

“There will be a big song and dance around the commitment to tripling solar and wind deployment by 2030, but given there will be no mechanism for holding anyone responsible for it, and for sure there will be no consequence … I cannot see how meaningful such pledges can be,” the expert tells MEED.

Hard issues 

The wider Mena region, which will share the spotlight and scrutiny associated with Cop28, will have to demonstrate a willingness to talk about the reduction of all harmful emissions, not only carbon, says Matthes.

The easiest option is to phase out fossil fuel subsidies, as they encourage energy waste and profit wealthy populations disproportionately.

“How can green ammonia compete with grey ammonia if the gas for the grey ammonia is provided at a fraction of world market prices?” Matthes asks.

Introducing a cost for all harmful emissions is another opportunity that can automatically improve bankability for energy transformation projects. To their credit, the UAE and Saudi Arabia have recently introduced voluntary carbon markets, which are seen as steps in the right direction.

Initiatives to boost energy efficiency across the Mena region should also be part of the conversation. These range from efforts to use air conditioning, cooling and water more discriminatingly; electrify transportation; deploy battery energy storage systems; and increase the decarbonisation of the production, shipping, refining and upstream use of oil and gas.

“The region’s waste of energy should be reduced and eliminated before even thinking about how to produce energy,” says Matthes.

Possible scenarios

Despite promises of inclusivity and productiveness, there is a strong probability that most Cop28 negotiators will get only a fraction of what they hope to take away from the summit.

“In a complex system like the Cop negotiations, we need to be realistic about what can be achieved,” says Matthes. “As we have seen in the past ... the same countries always manage to dilute compromises and block long-overdue and necessary developments.”

A likely post-Cop28 scenario could include an agreement requiring the oil and gas industry to do and spend more to decarbonise their products and operations, share in the financial burden of climate change mitigation, and if possible, curb production. This could avoid the use of wording that proved contentious at Glasgow’s Cop26 when a deal that called for the “phase out” of coal-fired power had to be amended to “phase down” following pressure from some countries. 

Climate change advocates will have to live with the fact that fossil fuels, and their entire supply chain, are not likely to be penalised further or disappear. Major change is unlikely until the world is ready to be fully electrified, or until the fear that halting oil production could cause energy insecurity and economic chaos can be overcome.

The Global North countries will have to weigh the best options to reach their net-zero carbon emission targets by 2050 without risking their economic growth. However, countries such as the UK are in the process of pushing back some of their energy transition targets.

Meanwhile, most Global South countries will continue to bear the brunt of the worsening climate crisis, albeit with some support from top carbon-emitting and wealthy nations.

Rightly or wrongly, this could highlight the merit of Al-Jaber’s preferred pragmatic and inclusive approach to Cop28 in terms of technologies, fuels and the representation of sectors.

“A convergence of interests and the dramatic changes to the status of the global energy transition over the past few years … could help countries find new momentum and solutions that might not have seemed feasible in the past,” says Matthes.


Image: Cop28 president-designate Sultan al-Jaber engages with Pope Francis on driving positive outcomes for climate action. Credit: Cop28

https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/11210573/main.gif
Jennifer Aguinaldo
Related Articles
  • Gulf seizes AI opportunities

    30 May 2025

     

    This package also includes: Data centres churn investments


    Opportunities to build digital infrastructure – mainly data centres – to support the Gulf’s ambitious artificial intelligence (AI) initiatives jumped in value to about $80bn in mid-May, up from around $20bn at the end of April, thanks to the gigawatt-scale AI campuses announced during US President Donald Trump’s Gulf visit.

    These projects provided the final piece of a puzzle relating to the massive power generation capacity buildout in Saudi Arabia and the UAE, which have been overhauling their electricity systems in line with their energy diversification, economic expansion and net-zero targets.

    The planned 5GW AI campus in Abu Dhabi is expected to occupy 26 square kilometres of land when completed. Experts say that in countries with more temperate weather, such a facility would require power equivalent to the consumption of nearly three million homes.

    “This is as much a story about electricity as it is about AI,” Karen Young, senior research scholar at Columbia University’s Centre on Global Energy Policy, tells MEED.

    She adds that the UAE leadership was “extremely prescient” to invest in nuclear power many years ago, perhaps understanding that a surplus of electricity would be key to future growth and industrial policy.

    “But these things are expensive, and are easier to permit and build in the UAE because of the concentration of funding and decision-making,” she says. “It's proving a major advantage in the AI race and construction of data centres.”

    Attractive asset class

    Data centres are often considered part utility assets – similar to delivering gas, electricity, water and telecoms services – and part real estate assets, due to the rents they yield from tenants.

    “Yet a lot of the talk … now concerns how investors look at data centres as assets,” a partner at an international law firm with an office in Riyadh says, “because they are neither utility nor real estate”.

    However they are defined, the gap in digital infrastructure to support AI advancements is driving investments in data centre projects in the Middle East.

    “The opportunity is ripe,” says Sherif Elkholy, partner and head of Middle East and Africa at UK-based private equity and investment firm Actis.

    In addition to the sovereign wealth funds in Saudi Arabia and Abu Dhabi, family offices such as Saudi Arabia’s Vision Invest and international private equity firms are getting their feet wet in the rapidly expanding Gulf data centre market.

    Actis, for example, is looking at credible local partners, with a platform or portfolio of operating as well as greenfield assets. US-based KKR acquired a stake in UAE-based Gulf Data Hub earlier this year.

    “Historically, the region has been an exporter of capital, but today there is a concerted effort to attract foreign direct investments, particularly into Saudi Arabia. The strategy now is how can the region become an importer of value-added capital to support their 2030 visions?” says Elkholy.

    Part of the answer lies in opening the sector to private investors and capital. According to Elkholy, the Middle East has very ambitious energy transition, digital infrastructure, desalination and district cooling projects, and the private sector is now playing a central role in delivering these.

    “The mood of international investors has been to avoid risks due to global uncertainties, such as we have now, but the reality is there is a major infrastructure gap, and addressing this, especially given the 2030 targets, requires private sector participation.”

    Data sovereignty

    Uncertainty over data sovereignty issues across the Gulf states is yet another issue investors have had to grapple with.

    Although the GCC countries have had stringent data localisation laws in place for almost a decade now, that does not seem to have dampened growing investments in data centre projects in the region, according to Nic Roudev, who leads UK-based legal firm Linklaters’ TMT practice in the Middle East.

    “While data localisation requirements prevent the most efficient operational configurations, where data centres capacity is deployed in one country to service demand across the entire region, it also presents hyperscalers with opportunities to build out robust operations in each of the major GCC countries,” says Roudev.

    This allows firms to take advantage of incentives for local presence, such as access to government procurement contracts and financing opportunities.

    “Demonstrating commitment to the particular country’s economy by establishing and growing local operations also allows data centre investors to build durable strategic partnership relations with regulatory and government authorities, which can lead to a decrease in long-term regulatory and business uncertainty,” the executive says.

    The heat and climate effects will continue to be a thorn for future Gulf data centre development and investments
    Karen Young, Columbia University’s Centre on Global Energy Policy

    Improving regulations

    It's not all perfect, though, Young suggests, citing that the heat and climate effects will continue to be a thorn for future Gulf data centre development and investments.

    “There is also the rather poor track record of exporting, trading and sharing electricity within the UAE and the GCC, and thinking about export to third countries… so that makes the idea of data centres and even data traffic via cables a little more complicated,” she explains.

    From a regulatory viewpoint, Roudev says the main unique risk factors that data centre investors in the GCC typically have to wrestle with stem mostly from the usually non-transparent and frequently hard to predict legislative and regulatory rule-making and enforcement.

    However, Roudev also notes that “in recent years there has been a marked trend in both the UAE and Saudi Arabia for increasing transparency by opening draft laws and regulations to public consultations and actively soliciting input from key industry stakeholders.”

    A good example of this in Saudi Arabia has been the development of one of the key regulatory instruments for cloud computing services, which went through “a series of sudden and significant revisions, and the data protection law, which underwent unexpected but considerable revisions after remaining suspended for a year”.

    Regulatory enforcement actions in the GCC, which have traditionally not been publicised, have also shifted, with an evident attempt in recent years to increase transparency and predictability of enforcement by authorities in both countries, concludes Roudev.

     Data centres churn investments

    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/13939315/main.jpg
    Jennifer Aguinaldo
  • Meraas awards Madinat Jumeirah construction deal

    30 May 2025

    Dubai-based real estate developer Meraas Holding, part of Dubai Holding, has awarded a AED300m ($82m) contract for the main construction works on Elara, which is Phase 7 of the Madinat Jumeirah Living masterplan in Dubai.

    The contract was awarded to the local firm Al-Sahel Contracting Company.

    Elara will feature three residential towers offering 234 apartments.

    Construction is expected to start immediately, and the project is scheduled for completion by the end of 2026.

    Earlier this month, Meeras awarded Bhatia General Contracting a contract to construct the fourth phase of the Nad Al-Sheba Gardens community in Dubai, worth AED690m ($188m).

    The scope of the contract covers the construction of 92 townhouses, 96 villas and two pool houses.

    In March, Meraas awarded Abu Dhabi-based Arabian Construction Company an estimated AED2bn contract ($544m) to build its Design Quarter residential project in Dubai Design District.

    The development will comprise three buildings offering over 558 residential apartments. Construction is expected to be completed in 2027.

    The UAE’s heightened real estate activity is in line with UK analytics firm GlobalData’s forecast that the construction industry in the country will register annual growth of 3.9% in 2025-27, supported by investments in infrastructure, renewable energy, oil and gas, housing, industrial and tourism projects. 

    The residential construction sector is expected to record an annual average growth rate of 2.7% in 2025-28, supported by private investments in the residential housing sector, along with government initiatives to meet rising housing demand.


    MEED’s May 2025 report on the UAE includes:

    > COMMENT: UAE is poised to weather the storm
    > GOVERNMENT & ECONOMY: UAE looks to economic longevity
    > BANKING: UAE banks dig in for new era

    > UPSTREAM: Adnoc in cruise control with oil and gas targets
    > DOWNSTREAM: Abu Dhabi chemicals sector sees relentless growth
    > POWER: AI accelerates UAE power generation projects sector
    > CONSTRUCTION: Dubai construction continues to lead region
    > TRANSPORT: UAE accelerates its $60bn transport push
    > DATABANK: UAE growth prospects head north

    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/13981791/main.png
    Yasir Iqbal
  • Hydrogen’s future may not be so green

    29 May 2025

    Commentary
    Jennifer Aguinaldo
    Energy & technology editor

    Much has changed in the region’s hydrogen landscape since the first projects were launched in a flurry of excitement.

    Initially, in anticipation of demand for low-carbon fuel arising from Asia and Europe by the early 2030s, aspiring green hubs such as Egypt, Morocco, Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia announced batches of large-scale green hydrogen and ammonia projects.

    Two or three of these have progressed. At Neom, the world’s largest and most ambitious green hydrogen and ammonia production plant is under construction. The $8.4bn project reached financial close in May 2023, achieved a 60% completion rate in December, and appears on track to meet the company’s 2026 target commercial operation date.

    In Oman, meanwhile, where the sultanate’s third hydrogen block land auction is ongoing, developers and downstream companies are expected to submit bids sometime this year.

    However, across the Middle East and North Africa region, most of the projects announced in the past few years remain in the concept or preliminary design stages, while the rest have not moved beyond signing the memorandums of understanding.

    With the exception of Oman, there have been few announcements on new green hydrogen projects in the region over the past 12 months.

    Shareholders have even revolted over clean hydrogen plans. Seifi Ghasemi, former CEO of Air Products, which co-owns the Neom Green Hydrogen Company, along with Saudi utility developer Acwa Power and gigaproject developer Neom, was removed from the firm’s board earlier this year, with sources citing the company shareholders’ opposition to the firm’s green hydrogen plans.

    In addition to being a co-owner, Air Products is also the main offtaker, contractor and systems integrator of the Neom green hydrogen project.

    Cost issue

    The main issue for these projects remains the cost of production, according to Michael Liebreich, managing partner at UK firm EcoPragma Capita.

    “If green ammonia is going to work anywhere, it should be [in] Oman and the GCC,” he explains. However, the London-based executive and entrepreneur has doubts about green hydrogen’s economics.

    Earlier this year, his conversations with “a number of participants in green hydrogen and ammonia projects” indicate that the costs they are able to achieve today come to around $6 a kilogram (kg), and potentially $4/kg in five years for projects coming online in the early 2030s.

    “They talk about $3/kg or $2.5/kg, but you could only get there by offering incentives such as subsidies, concessionary finance, free land, free infrastructure and offtake guarantees,” notes Liebreich.

    While the region has very cheap solar power, a $15 a megawatt-hour (MWh) solar tariff does not necessarily lead to cheap hydrogen because it is only available roughly 25% of the time. To get to 24/7, one needs batteries, and in jurisdictions like Abu Dhabi, this will take the price to roughly $50/MWh.

    Adds Liebreich: “And since you need 50kWh of power per kilogram of hydrogen, assuming an 80% efficiency, that means you have $2.50/kg just of electricity cost. No capex, no maintenance, no compression, no pipelines, nothing. So $4/kg looks like being a floor price for a long time; $3/kg would be the outside edge of achievable.”

    Meanwhile, fossil gas at around $1-1.50/kg creates an extra cost of $2.50/kg, which means that anyone producing a million tonnes of green hydrogen a year has to cover the extra cost of $2.5bn a year and find at least 15 years of guaranteed offtake to get the project built.

    “You need to secure 15 years of support to close the cost gap of $37.5bn. You need it guaranteed upfront by someone with a bullet-proof balance sheet – so that’s either a government or sovereign wealth fund.”

    The near-impossibility of exporting liquid hydrogen to Europe due to prohibitive costs and inefficiency of liquefying the hydrogen should also be considered.

    In comparison, a more feasible option could be putting ammonia on a ship to Europe, where it could benefit from a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) at the same price as a tonne of carbon under EU-ETS.

    According to Liebreich, under this scenario, each kilogram of green hydrogen reduces emissions by around 9kg, and the EU-ETS price today is €72 ($81)/tonne.

    “So each kilogram of green hydrogen will avoid a carbon price of $0.009 x 81, which is equal to $0.72. That closes your gap, so a tonne of green ammonia is now only $320 more than a tonne of grey, or only double the price,” Liebreich explains.

    “Look at it another way, if you want to export 1 million tonnes of hydrogen as ammonia a year into Europe, you are still looking at an annual cost gap of $1.8bn after taking the EU-ETS CBAM into account. And you need a 15-year deal, so that’s $27bn,” he notes, under the assumption one can get the hydrogen price down to $4/kg.

    Far from being rosy, Liebreich concludes that green hydrogen-wise, the region could be heading down a blind alley. “There will be almost no import market for green hydrogen or its derivatives because, in the best scenario, they will remain too expensive.”

    Bright side

    Liebreich’s dour forecast collides with the vision of most regional stakeholders that net zero by 2050 will not be possible without low-carbon, and particularly green, hydrogen and its derivatives, including green ammonia, methanol and sustainable aviation fuel.

    Mohammad Abdelqader El-Ramahi, chief green hydrogen officer at Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company (Masdar), for instance, told MEED in October that green hydrogen is the most important driver and enabler of net zero and decarbonisation. “Very few people know that electrification alone can address no more than 30% of our decarbonisation [needs], even if we install all sorts of renewable sources,” he said.

    Abu Dhabi intends to replicate its success in the energy sector’s previous four waves – oil and gas in the 1960s, liquefied natural gas and anti-flaring in the 1970s, renewable energy in the 2000s and nuclear energy in the 2020s – in the sector’s fifth low-carbon hydrogen wave.   

    The list of Masdar’s potential green hydrogen partners includes Ireland-headquartered Linde; France’s TotalEnergies; the UK’s BP; Austria’s Verbund; and Japan’s Mitsui, Osaka Gas, Mitsubishi Chemical, Inpex and Toyo Gas.

    Despite the slow progress and major reality check, hope proverbially springs. “Green hydrogen is the inevitable future fuel,” El-Ramahi asserted.

     

    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/13956351/main.gif
    Jennifer Aguinaldo
  • Wood wins Iraq oil and gas contracts

    29 May 2025

    The UK-based engineering company Wood has been awarded a series of decarbonisation contracts with a total value of about $100m for flare gas reduction and carbon efficiency project solutions across Iraq’s largest oil fields. 

    Under the terms of the contracts, Wood will deliver brownfield engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) and modifications solutions to “enhance operational efficiency and minimise environmental impacts”, according to statement released by the company.

    In its statement, Wood said that the projects would support Iraq’s commitment to reduce gas flaring by 78% by the end of 2025. 

    Wood has already provided decarbonisation solutions for major operators in Iraq and has implemented the country’s largest flare gas reduction programme to date.

    Ellis Renforth, Wood’s president of operations for Europe, Middle East and Africa, said: “We are working in partnership with our clients to achieve Iraq’s energy ambitions and deliver a sustainable energy future for the country. 

    “Wood Iraq has extensive knowledge of our clients’ infrastructure, operations and goals, enabling them to improve operational efficiency and reduce the impact of gas flaring while maintaining critical production.” 

    The reimbursable contracts will be delivered by Wood’s team in Iraq and the UAE.

    The company said it would recruit 60 new employees to support the successful delivery of these projects. 

    Money problems

    Earlier this month, Wood announced that its chairman, Roy Franklin, would step down from the board.

    The move comes amid ongoing financial problems at the engineering company, which is working on projects worth tens of billions of dollars across the Middle East and North Africa region.

    At the end of April, Wood Group’s shares were suspended on the London Stock Exchange because the company did not publish its accounts for 2024 on time.

    Wood employs over 4,000 people in the Middle East, having increased its headcount by 500 in 2024.


    MEED’s June 2025 report on Iraq includes:

    > COMMENT: Iraq maintains its pace, for now
    > ECONOMY: Iraq’s economy faces brewing storm

    > OIL & GAS: Iraqi energy project value hits decade-high level
    > PIPELINES: Revival of Syrian oil export route could benefit Iraq
    > POWER: Iraq power sector turns a page
    > CONSTRUCTION: Iraq pours billions into housing and infrastructure projects

    > DATABANK: Iraq forecast dips on lower oil prices

    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/13974910/main.png
    Wil Crisp
  • BP considers Algeria lubricants plant project

    29 May 2025

     

    The UK-based oil and gas company BP is considering developing a facility in Algeria to produce products for its Castrol lubricants business, according to industry sources.

    BP has been considering developing the facility for some time, but has yet to make a final decision on whether to proceed with the project.

    One source said: “BP is continuing to evaluate the business case for developing the facility.”

    BP’s upstream business exited Algeria with the sale of its assets to Italy’s Eni in a deal announced in September 2022.

    That deal included selling its interests in the gas-producing In Amenas and In Salah concessions.

    BP’s Castrol brand serves consumers in more than 150 countries in various sectors, including automotive, marine and industrial.

    Its passenger car engine oils include Edge, Magnatec and GTX.

    Its products also include commercial vehicle engine oils, transmission fluids, metalworking and machining fluids, production fluids, and specialist greases and lubricants.

    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/13974906/main.jpg
    Wil Crisp