meed-logo

line1 line2 line3
SIGN IN / REGISTER

Bridging the infrastructure capacity gap

2 April 2024

 

The Middle East and North Africa (Mena) region faces a massive infrastructure gap, with estimates of the shortfall ranging from $75bn to $100bn annually. 

This translates to a cumulative need for $2-2.5tn in infrastructure investment alone by 2050. Bridging this funding gap will require a drastic increase in the level of investment.

In 2020, the World Bank stated that Mena countries needed to spend at least 8.2% of GDP to meet their infrastructure goals through to 2030. However, it had been averaging a spend of just 3% over the prior decade – mostly from public sector funds, alongside multilateral and bilateral debt financing. 

In the intervening years, the additional fiscal constraints imposed by the pandemic and global economic shocks, such as food price inflation, have further hindered regional public spending on infrastructure.

In 2023, the ICD-Refinitiv OIC Infrastructure Outlook valued the region’s outstanding funding gap for infrastructure development at $994bn. The gaps included a $685bn shortfall in investment in road infrastructure; a $111bn funding gap in the water sector; a $65bn gap in telecoms; $47bn in rail; $34bn in port infrastructure; $27bn in electricity network investment; and $25bn in airport infrastructure investment.

This funding gap has real, material impacts on economic prosperity and the prospects for economic growth. The shortfall in investment in road infrastructure, for example, is estimated to cost the Mena region a staggering 5.5% in GDP a year due to inefficiency and accidents, according to the World Bank.

A 2020 study in the Review of Middle East Economics and Finance found that manufacturing firms in the Mena region faced the most severe durations of power outages a month of any region, at 64 hours a month. The perceived value of the business losses due to these power outages was estimated to be around 4.8% of total sales.

Meeting the region’s annual investment needs could generate about 2 million direct jobs and 2.5 million direct, indirect and induced infrastructure-related jobs, according to the OECD. 

This is critical when half of the region’s population is under 24 years old, and 29% are not in employment, education or training, as per the OECD figures. 

Another very tangible infrastructure gap is water capacity. The current annual water shortage in the Mena region is about 42 cubic kilometres, but by 2050, this is projected to grow fivefold to 199 cubic kilometres a year under average climate scenarios and potentially up to 283 cubic kilometres a year under drier conditions. 

These examples highlight the need for substantial investments to bridge the infrastructure deficiencies, ensure the conditions for economic growth, and enhance overall sustainability in the Mena region.

To address the challenges, a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach is needed to incentivise the private sector to support regional infrastructure investments. This includes governments establishing clear policy directions and regulatory frameworks to attract private capital mobilisation.

This funding gap has real, material impacts on economic prosperity and the prospects for economic growth

Technological adaptation

In parallel with the need for governments to proactively improve the conditions for investment, the delivery of future infrastructure requirements also anticipates the adoption of emerging technology.

The goal of many countries to achieve net zero by 2050 also layers further complexity onto existing infrastructure challenges. Regional efforts such as the Middle East Green Initiative and the Circular Carbon Economy framework nevertheless demonstrate the region’s commitment to achieving its net-zero targets.

Reaching net zero will entail building infrastructure that is not just bigger and better, but smarter. At the Global Infrastructure Initiative Summit hosted by McKinsey in Dubai in February, disruptive thinking and technology were identified as vital to the industry’s evolution to meet the needs of a net-zero future. 

Industry leaders called for a nuts-and-bolts overhaul of the industry from the bottom up, with more sustainable alternatives to even centuries-old staples such as Portland cement and rebar. The digitalisation of the industry and the advent of machine-learning and AI also hold huge potential for cutting waste and designing more organic, efficient structures.

The summit highlighted that solving future infrastructure requirements will also likely necessitate overcoming technology hurdles and bringing costs down through research and development, much like the costs of solar power or reverse osmosis desalination have come down in the region. 

Alistair Green, a senior partner in McKinsey’s global infrastructure practice, pointed to the technologies that “are not at conviction, yet: the technology hasn’t even really been proven outside of the lab – like flow batteries, which are an alternative to lithium-ion batteries that can be used for grid-scale storage of long duration, energy storage. This is a technology problem that we’re actively investing in researching in order to bring the costs down.”

Strategy& and engineering consultancy Dar recently reported that sustainable construction technologies can potentially reduce lifecycle emissions from the Mena region’s $2tn construction pipeline through to 2035 by 50%-60% for planned projects. Simple changes can be highly effective, such as incorporating dynamic facades into building designs, which can deliver energy savings of up to 55% in hot countries.

The key is the level of innovation, not the level of technology. In the right application, a low-tech solution may be more efficient. If a low-tech solution is scalable, it is also likely to be more cost-efficient.

In the arid Ait Baamrane region of Morocco, a 2015 project by the NGO Dar Si Hmad has created the world’s largest operational fog-harvesting system, providing potable water using a system of shore-side nets that capture and condense the fog rolling in off the ocean. Launched after a decade of research, the system yields approximately 22 litres of water a day for each square metre of net. It demonstrates that infrastructure does not need to be expensive or complex to have a positive sustainability outcome.

The most pressing need for the Mena region is to improve the attractiveness of its infrastructure investment opportunities

Accessing finance

Without sufficient finance, the effectiveness of infrastructure development, including technological innovation within the sector, will be throttled. The most pressing need for the Mena region is to improve the attractiveness of its infrastructure investment opportunities.

Many governments, especially in the Gulf, have been focused on encouraging the private sector through better and wider public-private partnership (PPP) arrangements, with mixed results. Some countries have struggled to deliver PPP frameworks with sufficient commercial appeal and bankability, a problem usually linked to unattractive risk allocations on the private sector side.

Nevertheless, the mobilisation of PPPs and the creation of more transparent and efficient regulatory frameworks around them are routinely identified as vital for attracting and mobilising private capital.

The delivery of more sustainable infrastructure with a view to net-zero targets also brings the potential to tap into green finance, including green bonds and sharia-compliant sukuk. Projects targeted towards carbon neutrality open themselves up to more diverse avenues of potential finance, including international climate mitigation and adaptation funds.

Multilateral development banks, such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, support initiatives like the Catalyst Mena Climate Fund 2, which works to mobilise private capital for infrastructure projects focused on renewable energy, sustainable utility schemes and green hydrogen capacity.

Governments in the region are also taking steps to mobilise climate finance by issuing green sovereign bonds and sukuk to fund clean transportation, waste management and green building schemes.

The UAE’s infrastructure development is guided by the Green Agenda 2030 policy framework. Under this aegis, UAE banks, including Mashreq Bank and First Abu Dhabi Bank, have pledged to mobilise $270bn in green financing by 2030 for environmentally impactful projects.

Infrastructure financing schemes are an important step towards drawing more private sector liquidity into the infrastructure industry, but it is also just a start compared to what will be required to deliver the region’s infrastructure needs.

Deep regional inequality also needs to be addressed. While countries such as Saudi Arabia and the UAE may currently be meeting the World Bank’s 8.2% of GDP infrastructure spending targets, the region’s hydrocarbon importers will likely need far more outside assistance.

For the region as a whole to thrive, countries will also need to work together and synergistically to deliver holistic infrastructure roadmaps. Just as the GCC is working together to deliver the Gulf Railway, the Levant and North Africa must work together to develop their shared infrastructure.

Only through cooperation and joint initiatives will the Mena region stand to bridge its infrastructure gap.

Gulf construction holds huge emissions savings potential 

https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/11650914/main.gif
John Bambridge

Register for MEED's guest program now to access this article.

Click here to register
Exclusive from Meed
Related Articles
  • Qiddiya tenders Dragon Ball theme park package

    24 July 2026

     

    Qiddiya Investment Company (QIC) has tendered a contract to undertake the back-of-house works on the Dragon Ball theme park in Qiddiya, Saudi Arabia.

    The scope covers the construction of plant rooms, facilities management buildings, workshops, storage warehouses and central processing kitchens.

    It also includes a monorail service depot, a fire station, parking, utilities and other associated infrastructure.

    The bid submission deadline is 13 September.

    The Dragon Ball theme park will cover more than 500,000 square metres and will have seven themed zones inspired by the Japanese media franchise, including Kame House, Capsule Corporation and Beerus’ Planet.

    The park will offer more than 30 rides with five main attractions, including a rollercoaster that passes through a 70-metre landmark based on the series’ wish-granting dragon Shenron. 

    The development will also include themed hotels.

    In September 2024, US-based firm Falcon’s Creative Group announced that it is undertaking the masterplan and attraction design and is the creative lead for the theme park.

    QIC formally launched the Dragon Ball theme park in March 2024.

    The announcement came after QIC signed an agreement with Japanese firm Toei Animation, the producer of the Dragon Ball anime series.

    The Dragon Ball theme park is one of several major projects within the wider Qiddiya development. Other projects include an e-games arena, Prince Mohammed Bin Salman Stadium, a horse racing venue, a performing arts centre, the Speed Park and Six Flags theme parks and Aquarabia waterpark.

    The project is a key part of Riyadh’s strategy to boost leisure tourism in the kingdom. According to UK analytics firm GlobalData, leisure tourism in Saudi Arabia has experienced significant growth in recent years.

    READ THE JULY 2026 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDF

    Stress test for Gulf aviation; Mixed performance as country outlooks diverge in the Levant; GCC tourism sector pivots from crisis to recovery mode.

    Distributed to senior decision-makers in the region and around the world, the July 2026 edition of MEED Business Review includes:
    To see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click here
    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/17738622/main.jpg
    Yasir Iqbal
  • Saudi Arabia appoints developer for hybrid power plant

    24 July 2026

     

    Saudi Arabia-based Lamar Holding has signed a contract to develop a hybrid power plant at the Empty Quarter (Rub Al-Khali) land port in Saudi Arabia, according to a source.

    The public-private partnership (PPP) project aims to reduce diesel fuel use with renewable energy and ensure a long-term power supply at the Empty Quarter land port. It includes the construction of 15MW of total hybrid installed capacity, installation of a 7 megawatt-peak solar photovoltaic system and eight 1MW internal combustion engines.

    In March, MEED exclusively reported that Lamar had been given preferred bidder status and was in advanced discussions with Saudi Arabia’s Zakat, Tax & Customs Authority (Zatca) for the contract.

    MEED understands that the proposed plant will have the capacity to produce 25 gigawatt-hours of electricity annually. It will be implemented under a design, build, finance, operate, maintain and transfer contract model for 25 years, excluding the construction period.

    US/India-based Synergy Consulting is acting as financial advisor to Lamar on the project. Egyptian firm Eternal Consultation Engineering Services is acting as the technical support consultant and Dubai-headquartered Aktech is the technical consultant for the project.

    Lamar Holding and Dubai’s SirajPower submitted bids for the Empty Quarter hybrid power plant project in July 2025, as previously reported by MEED.

    Zatca, in collaboration with the National Centre for Privatisation & PPP, had previously prequalified the following four companies to bid for the contract in October 2024:

    • Alfanar Company (Saudi Arabia)
    • Lamar Holding (Saudi Arabia)
    • Olayan Energy (Saudi Arabia) / Enerwhere Sustainable Energy (UAE)
    • Siraj Power for Renewable Energy (UAE)

    Prior to that, in July 2024, 12 Saudi companies and local branches of international companies, along with 11 overseas-based companies, submitted statements of qualifications for the contract.

    In addition to building and operating the power plant, the project scope includes ensuring the facility operates to defined requirements and output specifications. It also involves managing power generation and the connection to the Zatca interface point for the entire project term.

    READ THE JULY 2026 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDF

    Stress test for Gulf aviation; Mixed performance as country outlooks diverge in the Levant; GCC tourism sector pivots from crisis to recovery mode.

    Distributed to senior decision-makers in the region and around the world, the July 2026 edition of MEED Business Review includes:
    To see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click here
    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/17733327/main.jpg
    Mark Dowdall
  • Saudi Downtown awards Al-Khobar substation contract

    23 July 2026

    Saudi Downtown Company (SDC), a wholly owned subsidiary of sovereign wealth vehicle the Public Investment Fund (PIF), has awarded the local Al-Ojaimi Contracting a contract to design and construct a primary electrical substation for its Downtown Al-Khobar project.

    It is understood that the facility will be the main electricity supply point for the wider development. The scope also includes the design and implementation of the associated electrical infrastructure.

    SDC was launched in 2022 by Saudi Crown Prince and Prime Minister Mohammed Bin Salman Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud, who also serves as chairman of the PIF.

    The company is developing downtown districts in 12 cities in Saudi Arabia: Al-Khobar, Medina, Al-Ahsa, Buraidah, Najran, Jizan, Hail, Al-Baha, Arar, Taif, Dumat Al-Jandal and Tabuk.

    Earlier in July, MEED reported that SDC had awarded a contract for infrastructure works in downtown Al-Khobar to Saudi-based contractor Ansab General Contracting Company. The deal covers the design and development of the project's infrastructure, road networks and street lighting.

    SDC's mandate is to develop more than 10 million square metres (sq m) of land across its projects, supporting the objectives of Saudi Vision 2030.

    The Al-Khobar project covers approximately 829,103 sq m of land and is designed as a mixed-use hub offering residential units, retail spaces, entertainment, hospitality and integrated public amenities.

    Local firm Omrania & Associates was recently appointed as the main consultant on the project.

    READ THE JULY 2026 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDF

    Stress test for Gulf aviation; Mixed performance as country outlooks diverge in the Levant; GCC tourism sector pivots from crisis to recovery mode.

    Distributed to senior decision-makers in the region and around the world, the July 2026 edition of MEED Business Review includes:
    To see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click here
    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/17732450/main.jpg
    Mark Dowdall
  • Abu Dhabi launches Marsa Al-Saadiyat residential project

    23 July 2026

    Abu Dhabi has launched Marsa Al-Saadiyat, a new waterfront development covering 6.4 million square metres (sq m), representing the final phase of the wider Saadiyat Island masterplan.

    Local real estate company Aldar has been appointed as master developer, with responsibility for the overall design and delivery of primary infrastructure.

    The development will cover about 8 kilometres (km) of waterfront, including 5.6km of beaches.

    Once complete, it will comprise a mix of homes, hotels, schools, cultural assets, parks and commercial components, and is planned to accommodate more than 58,000 residents.

    The residential offering will include private mansions, luxury villas, waterfront apartments and branded residences.

    Plans also include a hillside neighbourhood of standalone villas, rising to 22.5 metres, designed to capitalise on the surrounding topography and views.

    Marsa Al-Saadiyat will be linked to Umm Yifeenah Island and Reem Island via a new network of roads and tunnels, and will also include an underground station for Etihad Rail’s planned high-speed passenger service.

    A dedicated theatre district will be anchored by Dar Al-Funoon, a performing arts venue with capacity for more than 6,000 guests. 

    Upon completion, it will become one of the region’s largest performing arts venues.

    The venue is scheduled to open in 2030.

    READ THE JULY 2026 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDF

    Stress test for Gulf aviation; Mixed performance as country outlooks diverge in the Levant; GCC tourism sector pivots from crisis to recovery mode.

    Distributed to senior decision-makers in the region and around the world, the July 2026 edition of MEED Business Review includes:
    To see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click here
    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/17731759/main.jpg
    Yasir Iqbal
  • Saudi Arabia and US sign nuclear energy agreement

    23 July 2026

    Saudi Arabia and the US have signed an agreement for cooperation on the peaceful use of nuclear energy.

    The agreement was signed in Riyadh on 22 July by Saudi Energy Minister and Industry & Mineral Resources Minister Prince Abdulaziz Bin Salman and US Energy Secretary Chris Wright.

    The agreement “aims to enhance cooperation between the two countries in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to facilitate the exchange of expertise, knowledge and technologies, contributing to strengthening bilateral cooperation in accordance with the highest international standards of nuclear safety, nuclear security and non-proliferation”, according to a statement carried by the official Saudi Press Agency.

    “It also reflects the shared vision of both countries to expand cooperation in energy and future technologies while supporting sustainable development,” the statement said.

    “The agreement builds on the historic strategic partnership between the two friendly countries and follows the announcement made during the visit of His Royal Highness Prince Mohammed Bin Salman Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud, Crown Prince and Prime Minister, to the United States in November last year, on the conclusion of negotiations on bilateral cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy,” it added.

    “The agreement also builds on the long-standing energy cooperation between the two countries, supporting efforts to diversify energy sources, advance cutting-edge technologies and expand opportunities for cooperation and investment in ways that serve the mutual interests of the two friendly countries,” the statement concluded.

    Saudi nuclear ambitions

    Nuclear development is a core component of the Saudi Vision 2030 goal of transitioning away from complete fossil fuel reliance.

    Generating domestic electricity via nuclear power will allow Saudi Arabia to export more crude oil. Rapid population growth and heavy energy consumption in the industrial and household sectors – together with water desalination needs – require major power grid expansions.

    The kingdom holds significant domestic uranium deposits, estimated at over 90,000 tons, which it intends to leverage for an independent fuel cycle.

    In 2011, Riyadh announced plans to build 16 nuclear reactors over 20 years. The target was later revised to an initial goal of constructing two large-scale 1.4 gigawatt-electric (GWe) commercial reactors, with a long-term goal of 17 GWe of capacity by 2040.

    Implemented via the Saudi National Atomic Energy Project, the strategy moved from rapid building to a focused framework: large commercial plants, small modular reactors, fuel cycle development and regulatory structures.

    The government established the Nuclear Energy Holding Company in February 2022 to act as the primary commercial developer for the projects.

    Separately, Saudi Arabia is advancing preparations for its first commercial nuclear power plant as part of its Vision 2030 strategy, with Khor Duwaiheen – identified as the lead site for a planned 2.8GW facility – now moving towards the procurement phase.

    MEED previously reported that Riyadh had held technical and commercial negotiations with shortlisted vendors including EDF, Rosatom and Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power.

    The project client, Saudi Arabia’s King Abdullah City for Atomic & Renewable Energy (KA-Care), has set and extended the bid submission deadlines several times since 2022, with advancement understood to be dependent on "progress in bilateral government-to-government talks”.

    Gulf nuclear energy moves

    The UAE was the first country in the GCC, as well as in the entire Middle East and North Africa region, to tap into nuclear energy for civilian use, having built and commissioned the Barakah nuclear power plant in Abu Dhabi in September 2024.

    Operated by the Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation, the Barakah nuclear plant consists of four reactors, each with a capacity of 1.4GW, providing 40 terawatt-hours (TWh), equivalent to about 25% of the UAE’s base power load.

    In September last year, the plant completed its first year of full-fleet operations, generating more than 120 TWh of clean electricity since Unit 1 began operating.

    Separately, Bahrain is also exploring the use of nuclear power for domestic consumption, as well as for the potential export of surplus, as MEED recently reported. State energy conglomerate Bapco Energies is tasked with studying the prospect of building a modular nuclear power plant in the country.

    According to sources, the proposed project is being led by BeVentures, the venture capital arm of Bapco Energies, which was launched in July 2024.

    Under the plan that is being studied, power produced by the nuclear facility will be supplied mainly to major industrial complexes in the country, such as Aluminium Bahrain (Alba) and Bapco Refining, for the clean production of aluminium and refined products, respectively, in line with Bahrain’s ambition of achieving net-zero emissions by 2060.

    BeVentures has, in turn, approached global consultancy firms such as Bechtel, Fluor, Kent, Technip Energies and Wood to assist with concept study and early-stage planning and assessment for the modular or small nuclear power project.

    Bapco Energies and BeVentures are also considering tapping into private financing and equity partnerships, in part or in full, for the proposed project, sources told MEED.

    The Paris-based International Energy Agency’s Net Zero by 2050 roadmap indicates that nuclear energy will nearly double its share by 2050, with annual capacity additions reaching 30GW in the 2030s.

    At the 28th UN Climate Change Conference, Cop28, which was held in Dubai in 2023, more than 20 countries pledged to triple nuclear capacity by 2050, with banks and nuclear industry players signalling their support for the pledge more recently.

    The Organisation for Economic Co-operation & Development's Nuclear Energy Agency recently said that global nuclear capacity will triple by 2050 only under its most transformative scenario, with the Gulf's reactor procurement decisions among the projects that will determine which path the industry takes.

    Acccording to the Nuclear Energy Outlook, China and Russia hold a strategic advantage in the international market, with Chinese-designed reactors accounting for 85 GWe of projects and Russian-designed reactors accounting for 57 GWe, more than half of which are export projects in countries including Egypt, Hungary and Turkiye.

    ALSO READ: Nuclear tripling target hinges on delivery

    READ THE JULY 2026 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDF

    Stress test for Gulf aviation; Mixed performance as country outlooks diverge in the Levant; GCC tourism sector pivots from crisis to recovery mode.

    Distributed to senior decision-makers in the region and around the world, the July 2026 edition of MEED Business Review includes:
    To see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click here
    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/17731280/main.jpg
    Indrajit Sen