The journey towards net zero

26 October 2022

Published in partnership with

The most pressing concern in the race to net zero is the need to reduce carbon emissions. According to the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), carbon dioxide (CO2) accounts for 76 per cent of total global greenhouse gas emissions, of which 65 per cent is a direct result of fossil fuel and industrial processes.

Lowering CO2 output would therefore have the biggest impact on global warming.

The Middle East is central to this process. Although the region accounts for only 7 per cent of total global CO2 output, its emissions are some of the world’s highest on a per capita basis. 

In 2021, for example, per capita emissions in the Middle East were 8 tonnes, compared with 2.3 tonnes in South America, 4.1 tonnes in Asia and 5.6 tonnes in Europe. These figures exclude the environmental impact of oil and gas exports from the region. 

It is also an issue the region can no longer afford to ignore as it is particularly prone to climatic changes including reduced rainfall, heatwaves and increasingly severe weather events, such as the cyclones that have hit Oman in recent years. 

Reality bites

The subject was a key talking point at the Siemens Energy Middle East & Africa Energy Week event in June, where attendees discussed decarbonisation and the government targets – 2050 for the UAE and Oman, and 2060 for Saudi Arabia and Bahrain – set as deadlines to reach net zero. 

A startling finding from the event was the gap between perceptions and reality regarding what has been achieved so far in cutting emissions.

As part of Siemens Energy’s survey for its Middle East & Africa Energy Transition Readiness Index, when asked to quantify CO2 reductions in their country today and what they will be in 2030 compared to 2005, participants estimated that total emissions had fallen by 23 per cent on average over the past 17 years. Only one-third correctly answered that emissions had not fallen at all.

In fact, the opposite has taken place. Between 2005 and 2020, total global CO2 emissions increased by 50 per cent to almost 3.5 billion tonnes, according to the authoritative BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021.

“This year, many reports were issued of which the most important is the IPCC report,” said Mohamed Nasr, director of the Environment & Sustainable Development Department at Egypt’s Foreign Affairs Ministry and lead negotiator for Egypt at Cop27, speaking at the Energy Week.

“All [of the reports] stressed that we are not on track to keep climate change below 2 degrees, or even keep the 1.5 degrees target within reach. More work needs to be done.”

Between 2005 and 2020, total global CO2 emissions increased by 50 per cent to almost 3.5 billion tonnes

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021

Work in progress

A second poll revealed that attendees expected emissions to fall to 39 per cent of their 2005 levels on average, a figure that is highly unlikely to be reached in just eight years. 

This is especially the case given that carbon emissions must be cut across the board. Although the region is making good progress on the development of renewable energy production, there has been much lower momentum in other areas. 

For example, cement production is estimated to account for between 7 per cent and 10 per cent of total carbon emissions, but despite this, there has been little in the way of new regulations on government cement output in the region. 

Overall, in 2021 the industrial sector directly accounted for about a quarter of total global greenhouse emissions equivalent to 9.4 gigatonnes, a rise of 193 megatonnes on the previous year, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). Iron, steel and cement production comprised more than half this figure.

The industry itself recognises more needs to be done and is implementing a range of policies and agreements to act co-operatively on reducing its climatic impact.

In early September for instance, the International Renewable Energy Agency (Irena) and international companies including Siemens Energy as a co-founder, Tata Steel, Enel Green Power, Technip Energies, Taqa and Eni launched the global Alliance for Industry Decarbonisation. The new alliance is aimed at accelerating net-zero ambitions and the decarbonisation of industrial value chains in accordance with the Paris Agreement. To date, 20 members have joined the alliance to work towards the same vision.

“Climate action needs industry leaders,” said Francesco La Camera, Irena director-general. “This Alliance stands for the growing commitment of global industry to act on decarbonisation and unlock opportunities that come with a green industrialisation through renewables and other transition-related technologies like green hydrogen.

“By standing together we send a clear signal of solidarity ahead of Cop27 and we invite new partners to join our common vision.”

Ultimately, we must remember that every tonne of CO2 we emit into the atmosphere will need to be removed

Dietmar Siersdorfer, Siemens Energy Middle East and the UAE

Renewables focus

Closer co-operation is a step in the right direction, but is just one element in a range of measures that need to be implemented. 

When ranking the energy initiatives to reach net zero as part of the Transition Readiness Index, the Energy Week participants identified three other priorities with the highest beneficial impact: accelerating the development of renewable energy projects; reinventing energy business models; and implementing energy storage solutions. 

The focus on renewables reflects the raft of utility-scale solar, hydro and wind schemes across the Middle East and Africa. In all, there are more than 500 projects planned or under way, with a total capital investment value of more than $510bn. 

But there has been less progress on the other two main priorities. Energy storage solutions have gained little traction to date in the region, although Dubai’s innovative 250MW pumped hydro energy storage project in Hatta could become a template for others to follow when it comes to grid-connected storage capacity. 

Nonetheless, with grids operated by centralised state utilities and renewable projects at a stage where they support conventional energy production rather than replace it, there is still some way to go before storage systems become more widespread.

For now, the principal opportunity for energy storage systems is for captive use at off-grid demand centres – for example, at Saudi Arabia’s gigaprojects along the Red Sea coast, such as the Red Sea Project and Neom. Entirely dependent on renewable energy production, the projects may require stored energy when weather conditions are unfavourable or during periods of peak demand. 

Diversifying the energy business model is unsurprisingly a key priority given the region’s reliance on hydrocarbon exports. Over the past 18 months, the development of a hydrogen industry has emerged as the pre-eminent trend to enhance the Middle East’s position as the leading source of global energy supplies. 

Today, there are some 46 world-scale hydrogen projects across the Middle East and Africa worth well in excess of $50bn. Although only two are under construction, the hydrogen industry is expected to grow massively in the region over the next decade.

This is just as well as time is fast running out if the world is to avoid a climatic emergency. 

As Dietmar Siersdorfer, managing director of Siemens Energy Middle East and the UAE, puts it: “Ultimately, we must remember that every tonne of CO2 we emit into the atmosphere will need to be removed.”

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  • Pursuit of political stability dominates Maghreb

    11 July 2025

     

    Across the Maghreb, amid a range of external and internal pressures, the pursuit of political stability is emerging as the overarching preoccupation for governments as they compete for trade, growth and investor interest.

    Wracked by drought, years of disruption due to Covid-19 and the impact of the war in Ukraine on grain prices, and now facing the boot of arbitrary US tariffs, the economies of the region need certainty more than anything.

    With fast-growing populations, all of the Maghreb countries face serious challenges in maintaining sufficient job creation to cater to their youth, and with local spending constraints, attracting foreign investment is key.

    None of the Maghreb countries seem to understand this better than Morocco, which has been rolling out what might be described as a GCC-style vision for the country. Most recently, in September 2024, it launched the Digital Morocco 2030 strategy to use artificial intelligence to improve access to services in rural and underserved areas.

    Such initiatives are central to Morocco’s broader New Development Model (NDM) strategy, first laid out in 2021 and recognised by bodies such as the Washington-based IMF as a key driver of economic transformation in the country. Key indicators for the NDM include doubling the country’s GDP per capita to $16,000 by 2035, doubling the rate of women in the workforce, raising renewables to 40% of total energy consumption and developing the digital sector to account for 5% of GDP.

    Rabat is also widening the country’s social security net, having expanded family allowances in 2023, and with plans to expand old-age pensions and unemployment benefits in 2025. The government is also improving access to services for Amazigh speakers in answer to loud political calls since the 2016-17 Amazigh-led Hirak Rif movement protests.

    From creating jobs to supporting vulnerable groups and minorities, the common thread in Rabat’s domestic policy is expediting measures to address emerging risks to social and political stability at source.

    Externally, Morocco has meanwhile intensified its diplomatic campaign for international recognition of its semi-autonomy plan for Western Sahara. First proposed in 2007, the scheme initially received little traction, but the situation changed significantly in 2020 with then US President Donald Trump’s recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over the territory as part of a deal to normalise ties with Israel. In 2022, Spain also shifted its stance to one of support for Rabat’s autonomy plan, followed by France in early 2024 and by the UK in June 2025 – each country for their own reasons.

    The fresh support is a diplomatic sea change for Morocco after 30 years of across-the-board rejection of its claims to the territory and calls for Sahrawi self-determination. It also boosts Rabat’s effort to secure more foreign direct investment (FDI) into Western Sahara and local projects, such as the Morocco-UK XLinks energy initiative.

    For Madrid, the recognition also resolves a point of contention between the two neighbours, particularly ahead of the pending co-hosting of the 2030 Fifa World Cup by Morocco, Spain and Portugal.

    Advances in Algiers

    Across the border in Algeria, the wheels of legislative change have also been slowly turning, with new hydrocarbons and investment laws, accompanied by the lifting of some restrictions on foreign ownership, raising the possibility of boosting inbound FDI.

    The government is also emphasising private sector-led growth and the rationalising of public spending, as well as initiatives to improve the business environment by reforming public banks and state-owned enterprises.

    President Abdelmadjid Tebboune secured his re-election for a second term in September 2024 with the support of 84.3% of the vote, in a reassuring referendum on the political stability of the country’s post-Bouteflika political order.

    Although the country’s politics remain marred by the suppression of the opposition, the broader shake-up in government is reflected in the ongoing reforms and demonstrates the country’s political awareness of the need to deliver.

    In a mirror image of Morocco’s diplomatic journey, Algiers has worsening foreign relations with Paris and Madrid due to its staunch opposition to the Western recognition of Moroccan claims to the Western Sahara region.

    In May 2025, Algeria expelled 15 French diplomatic agents, citing their “irregular positions” on the geopolitical issue. The incident matched similarly negative responses by Algeria to Spain in 2022.

    Trouble in Tripoli

    Libya remains deeply mired in the political deadlock between its two administrations – even as the years of rivalry between the administration has made it clear to all involved of the need for reunification for the stability of the country.

    Talks to establish a unified interim government and hold national elections have stalled over the past year, however, with armed clashes between rival militias in Tripoli in May 2025 only reaffirming the precarious state of affairs in the country.

    The UN remains central to Libya’s peace process, and in early 2025, the UN appointed Hanna Tetteh as the Special Representative for Libya, while a 20-member Libyan Advisory Committee was established to address contentions over the proposed electoral process.

    In May, the committee then outlined some potential solutions, but political consensus remains elusive, leaving little near-term hope for a resolution to the situation in the country.

    Turbulence in Tunisia

    Tunisia, meanwhile, faces issues stemming largely from political instability inflicted upon it under President Kais Saied, who has ruled by decree since dissolving the country’s parliament in 2021. In March 2025, Saied dismissed his third prime minister in less than two years and appointed Sara Zaafarani in their place.

    Saied was re-elected in an October 2024 election with over 90% of the vote, but the process was marred by both low turnout and the arrest of several opposition figures.

    Tunis, under Saied’s leadership, is the exception to the rule amid the Maghreb's pursuit of greater political stability. One rare area of success for the president has been in extracting financial support out of the EU in exchange for curbing trans-Mediterranean migration routes emanating from Tunisia.

    More broadly, however, Tunisia’s deepening economic challenges, low growth and deteriorating public services under the watch of Saied’s autocratic political experiment serve to underline how the region’s most viable route to economic prosperity remains through providing the kind of political stability in which investors can trust.

    The region’s need for trade and growth-boosting policies will only be emphasised from 1 August, when Trump’s pledge for tariffs of 30% on Algeria and Libya, 25% on Tunisia and 20% on Morocco comes due.

    While the US only reflects a small fraction of the outbound trade of each of these countries, further dents to growth are something that the region can ill-afford. Here, too, political stability may be key in enabling the respective powers that be to make diplomatic overtures compelling enough to entice Trump to back down.


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    > POWER & WATERSlow year for Maghreb power and water awards
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  • Borouge extends bid deadline for butene-1 expansion

    11 July 2025

    Abu Dhabi petrochemicals producer Borouge has extended the deadline for contractors to submit bids for a project to increase production of butene-1 from the olefins conversion unit (OCU) at its Borouge 2 plant.

    Borouge aims to produce 60,000 tonnes a year (t/y) of butene-1 from the existing fractionator column, while limiting propylene production from the OCU to 500,000 t/y.

    The company intends to achieve the target through the addition of co-monomer production technology and selective hydrogenation units, while maintaining the current design operation of 752,000 t/y of propylene and 39,000 t/y of butene-1, along with increasing storage capacity for butene-1 by converting N1 mixed butane spheres to butene-1-specific units.

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    MEED previously reported that Borouge had organised a site visit for bidders for the butene-1 capacity enhancement project on 25 June.

    The following contractors, among others, are understood to be bidding for the butene-1 capacity enhancement project:

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    • Galfar Emirates (UAE branch of Oman’s Galfar Engineering & Construction)
    • Target Engineering Construction (UAE)

    Borouge issued the main EPC tender for the butene-1 capacity enhancement project on 4 June, and set an initial deadline of 23 June for submission of technical bids.

    Borouge issued an advanced request for tender in May.

    Borouge previously awarded US-based Lummus Technology a contract to develop the process design package for the new co-monomer production technology unit, as a licensor of OCU.

    Lummus, in turn, sub-contracted the extended process design package and basic engineering works on the project to South Korea’s Samsung E&A.

    Borouge plans to award the main EPC contract for the butene-1 capacity enhancement project in the first quarter of 2026.

    Butene-1 is a colourless gas mainly used in the production of high-quality plastics such as polyethylene and poly(1-butene). Important applications of Butene-1 are in packaging materials such as films, bags and food packaging.

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    • Ethane cracker (package two) – Technip Energies (France)/Target Engineering (UAE) – $1.58bn – building an ethane cracker with a manufacturing capacity of 1.5 million t/y of ethylene
    • Polymers production (package three) – Tecnimont (Italy) – $1.35bn – building two new polyethylene manufacturing plants and a unit to produce 1-hexene, a component in the production of high-performance polyethylene
    • Utilities and offsites (package four) – Tecnimont (Italy) – $1.5bn – constructing non-process buildings, roads, infrastructure, internal and external interfaces, tankage systems, flaring systems and utilities, as well as integration of Borouge 4 with the existing facilities
    • Second cross-linkable-polyethylene (XLPE) plant (package five) – Tecnimont (Italy) – $350m – building an XLPE plant with a capacity of 100,000 t/y.

    Italian contractor Maire Tecnimont executed the front-end engineering and design works for Borouge 4.

    Borouge awarded France-based Axens a contract to provide licensed technologies in January 2020. This covered supplying a methyl tertiary butyl ether unit coupled with a 1-butene production unit and 1-hexene unit for the project.

    The new Borouge 4 facility will cover an area equivalent to almost 500 football pitches, or more than three times the size of Al-Maryah Island in Abu Dhabi. It will produce enough polyolefins annually to make pipes to supply water to 35 million households.

    Borouge Group International

    Borouge is the petrochemicals-producing joint venture of Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (Adnoc) and Austrian energy company Borealis. Adnoc owns the majority 56% stake in Borouge, with Borealis holding a 34% stake. The remaining 10% of shares in Borouge trade on the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange following an initial public offering in June 2022, from which Adnoc Group earned proceeds of $2bn.

    In March, Adnoc and Austrian energy company OMV entered into a binding framework agreement to combine their shareholdings in Borouge and Borealis and take control of a greater share of the global chemicals market.

    Adnoc has also entered into a share purchase agreement with Canada-based Nova Chemicals Holdings, an indirectly wholly-owned company of Abu Dhabi’s sovereign wealth institution Mubadala Investment Company, for 100% of Nova Chemicals Corporation (Nova).

    Adnoc and OMV have also agreed that upon completion of the planned merger of Borouge and Borealis, the new entity – which will be known as Borouge Group International – will acquire Nova for $13.4bn including debt, further expanding its footprint in North America.

    Borouge Group International is intended to be headquartered and domiciled in Austria, with regional headquarters in the UAE. In addition, Borouge Group International will hold corporate hubs in Canada’s Calgary, Pittsburgh in the US and Singapore.

    The combination of Borouge and Borealis, and the acquisition of Nova, is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2026, subject to regulatory approvals and other customary conditions, Adnoc said.

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  • Frontrunner emerges for Saudi Pirelli tyre plant

    11 July 2025

     

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    MEED understands that the contract is being finalised and is expected to be signed within the next few weeks.

    The tender notice was issued in December last year, and firms submitted their final offers in April.

    The project is being developed by Saudi Arabia’s Mena Tyre Company, which is a joint venture of Saudi sovereign wealth vehicle the Public Investment Fund (PIF) and Italian tyre maker Pirelli Tyre.

    The PIF holds a 75% stake in the venture, with Pirelli holding the remaining 25%.

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    MEED exclusively reported in March that the PIF and Pirelli Tyre had tendered the contract to build the estimated $550m tyre manufacturing plant in KAEC.

    UK-based firm Jones Lang LaSalle is the project consultant.

    The project is located within the King Salman Automotive Cluster of KAEC, which was officially announced on 6 February by Saudi Arabia’s Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman Al-Saud. 

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    The cluster is expected to be a major contributor to the National Industrial Development and Logistics Programme (NIDLP), which aims to develop high-growth sectors locally and attract foreign investment.

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    These facilities are supported by the National Automotive & Mobility Investment Company (Tasaru Mobility Investments), which the PIF established in 2023 to develop the kingdom’s local supply chain capabilities for the automotive and mobility industries.

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    READ THE JULY 2025 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDF

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    To see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click here
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  • Hilton signs hotel agreement in Medina

    11 July 2025

    US-based hotel operator Hilton Hotels & Resorts has announced the signing of Diyar Ajwa, Tapestry Collection by Hilton, in partnership with local firm Al-Musbah Group.

    The hotel, which is expected to open later this year, marks the debut of the Tapestry Collection brand in Saudi Arabia. 

    The project is located north of the central Haram area in Medina and offers direct access to the holy mosque in Medina.

    In an official statement, Hilton said that it currently operates 20 hotels across the kingdom. It has a further 77 properties in the pipeline.

    In March last year, Saudi Arabia’s Dan Company, which is backed by Saudi sovereign wealth vehicle the Public Investment Fund (PIF), signed an agreement with Hilton Hotels & Resorts. Under the agreement, Hilton will operate three resorts at Dan Company’s Palm One project in Al-Ahsa.

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    READ THE JULY 2025 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDF

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  • Chinese firm wins Armani Beach Residences deal

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    Register for MEED’s 14-day trial access 

    Beijing-headquartered China Railway Fourth Engineering Bureau has won a contract to build the Armani Beach Residences project on Dubai’s Palm Jumeirah.

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    The contract was awarded to the local Modern Building Contracting Company.

    Arada is the developer behind three masterplanned residential communities in Sharjah. The Aljada, Masaar and Nasma Residences communities are together valued at AED33bn. In Dubai, Arada is developing the Jouri Hills project.

    Covering 24 million square feet in the Muwaileh district, the masterplan for Aljada includes residential districts, as well as retail, hospitality, entertainment, sporting, educational and healthcare components, and a business park.

    The UAE’s heightened real estate activity is in line with UK data analyst GlobalData’s forecast that the construction industry in the country will register annual growth of 3.9% in 2025-27, supported by investments in infrastructure, renewable energy, oil and gas, housing, industrial and tourism projects. 

    The residential construction sector is expected to record an annual average growth rate of 2.7% in 2025-28, supported by private investments in the residential housing sector, along with government initiatives to meet rising housing demand.


    READ THE JULY 2025 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDF

    UAE and Turkiye expand business links; Renewed hope lies on the horizon for trouble-beset Levant region; Gulf real estate momentum continues even as concerns emerge

    Distributed to senior decision-makers in the region and around the world, the July 2025 edition of MEED Business Review includes:

    > PROJECTS MARKET: GCC projects market collapses
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    To see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click here
    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/14247708/main1423.jpg
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