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Middle East defence spending accelerates

7 May 2023

 

Global military spending reached a record high of $2.24tn in 2022, up 3.7 per cent year-on-year, according to newly compiled data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), as the Ukraine war and tensions in East Asia prompted governments to ramp up their investment in equipment.

It marks the eighth consecutive year of growth in global defence expenditure. The sharpest rise was in Europe, where there was a 13 per cent increase in spending, but the Middle East and North Africa (Mena) region was not far behind, with an 11.2 per cent rise on the previous year.

“The continuous rise in global military expenditure in recent years is a sign that we are living in an increasingly insecure world,” said Nan Tian, a senior researcher with SIPRI’s military expenditure and arms production programme.

“States are bolstering military strength in response to a deteriorating security environment, which they do not foresee improving in the near future.”

Rising regional outlay

The rise in the Mena region’s total to $168bn was mostly due to an increase in spending by Saudi Arabia and Qatar and, to a lesser extent, Lebanon and Iran.

As has long been the case, Saudi Arabia dominated the picture, with a defence outlay of $75bn in 2022 – up 16 per cent on the year before and its first increase since 2018.

Military spending data for the Middle East is often opaque. Other large spenders, according to SIPRI’s database, include Israel ($23.4bn), Qatar ($15.4bn), Algeria ($9.1bn), Kuwait ($8.2bn), Iran ($6.8bn) and Oman ($5.8bn).

However, the institute has no estimates for a number of other countries, most notably the UAE. Its most recent figure for the UAE is for 2014, at which point the defence budget was an estimated $22.8bn, the region’s second-biggest after Saudi Arabia that year.

There are also no current estimates for defence spending by the countries suffering the greatest instability, including Libya, Sudan, Syria and Yemen.

Others have drawn up figures for the UAE, though. The London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) estimated the UAE’s defence spend was $20.4bn last year in its recently published Military Balance 2023 report. That marked a 6 per cent rise on the previous year’s estimate.

While the UAE may not have the largest budget in the region, IISS says its armed forces are “arguably the best trained and most capable of all GCC states”.

Unclear Iranian picture

The outlay by Iran is also a matter of some debate, given the questions over the value of the rial and the country’s high inflation rate of around 40 per cent.

SIPRI says that, in local currency terms, Iran’s defence spending grew by 38 per cent to IR1,988tn in 2022. That is equivalent to some $46.9bn at the government’s official exchange rate, but far less at the open market rate used by SIPRI.

Inflationary pressures have become a common concern for countries around the world, even if few are having to cope with price rises as rapid as in Iran. Many Western countries are also dealing with an energy supply crisis due to the war in Ukraine, which has led to prices spiking upwards and sanctions being imposed on Moscow.

The Middle East’s oil exporters have benefitted from elevated oil prices, making it easier to afford the rise in defence spending.

However, the most notable direct consequence of the conflict in Ukraine for the Middle East has been the surge in military cooperation that has followed between Russia and Iran. Moscow’s failure to quickly take control of Ukraine has led to a drawn-out conflict and, as its weapons inventory has become depleted, it has imported drones from Iran to fill in some of the gaps.

That cooperation may yet extend in the other direction, with Iranian media reporting in March a potential deal for Tehran to receive Russian Sukhoi Su-35 fighter jets. Iran will also have gained useful information about the performance of its Shahed 131, Shahed 136 and Mohajer-6 drones in the war.

Lingering Gulf concerns

Such developments will likely concern other Gulf governments, even if regional tensions have eased somewhat due to the rapprochement between Saudi Arabia and Iran, announced via a China-brokered agreement in March.

That fits into a broader regional trend for de-escalation and diplomatic advances. Recent talks between Saudi officials and Yemen’s Houthi rebels in Sanaa could yet pave the way to resolving that conflict – further discussions between the two sides are due to take place in May, possibly in Muscat.

The levels of violence in Libya and Syria have also been on a downward trajectory over the past year, but both remain susceptible to further outbreaks of fighting, as does Iraq.

Elsewhere, though, relations between Algeria and Morocco remain problematic, and the prospects of any peace deal between the Israelis and Palestinians look as distant as ever with the hardline government of Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in office.

Any reduction in regional tensions will be a welcome development given the high burden of defence spending on local economies. As IISS points out, many Mena countries’ defence budgets are very large relative to the size of their economies.

As has long been the case, Oman spends more as a proportion of its GDP than any other country in the region, with its 2022 outlay equivalent to 5.9 per cent of GDP, according to IISS calculations.

It is followed by Kuwait at 5 per cent and Saudi Arabia at 4.5 per cent.

The average for the region is 3.8 per cent of GDP, more than double the global average of 1.7 per cent. The overall trend for rising budgets means that the economic burden is unlikely to fall away any time soon.

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Dominic Dudley

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  • Necessity is the mother of invention for Kuwaiti lenders

    6 August 2026

     

    If 2025 was marked by the advent of reform in the shape of public debt and mortgage laws, 2026 has been a year of resilience in the face of sharp shifts in the operating environment.

    Like their peers across the GCC, Kuwait’s banks have stood out this year for their crisis preparedness. With Kuwait facing sustained attacks from Iran – testing a hydrocarbons-based economy that is uniquely vulnerable to such shocks – banks are focusing on maintaining durability under especially challenging conditions.

    The sector entered 2026 in a relatively strong position. As of March 2026 – one month into the US-Israeli campaign against Iran – the non-performing loan (NPL) ratio stood at a creditable 1.7%. A capital adequacy ratio of 17.5% in Q1 is another sign of resilience, underscoring banks’ capacity to absorb unexpected losses.

    Kuwaiti banks’ reserve coverage stands at 223% of problem loans, one of the highest levels of loan-loss allowance coverage for Stage 3 exposures in the region. This is in large part due to the Central Bank of Kuwait’s (CBK’s) strict regulatory requirements.

    Overall, banks have strong capitalisation, solid liquidity, high loan loss-absorption buffers and sound asset quality. That mix provides confidence that the banking sector can continue to support the economy in difficult circumstances.

    Kuwait has retained significant sovereign financial strength. There are large fiscal buffers, there is the existential hydrocarbon wealth, and there is a long track record of supporting the banking sector when required
    Abdulla Al-Hammadi, Moody’s

    Bank dominance

    Banks also remain central to Kuwait’s economy. As the Washington-based IMF has noted, financial intermediation is overwhelmingly bank-based, with domestic currency bond and equity markets underdeveloped by emerging-market standards.

    “Kuwait has retained significant sovereign financial strength. There are large fiscal buffers, there is the existential hydrocarbon wealth, and there is a long track record of supporting the banking sector when required,” says Abdulla Al-Hammadi, an analyst at Moody’s.

    Bank assets reached 250% of GDP in 2024 – among the highest in the GCC, according to the IMF. This is supported by strong balance sheets, high liquidity and a large Islamic finance segment. Kuwait Finance House, Boubyan Bank, Kuwait International Bank and Warba Bank – the four main Islamic lenders – together account for KD53bn ($172bn), or 51% of total banking sector assets.

    Early 2026 performance metrics show a solid rise in assets at listed Kuwaiti banks, growing by 12.5% year-on-year to KD130.82bn ($366.4bn) in Q1. Net profits increased by a smaller margin, 1.1%, to KD382.96m ($1.07bn) in the same quarter, according to KPMG.

    National Bank of Kuwait (NBK), the largest bank by assets, reported net profit of KD324.8m ($1.06bn) for the first half of 2026, a 3% year-on-year increase. Despite the impact of the conflict, the second quarter saw profits rise 4.5% to KD181.2m ($588.4m).

    Ratings support

    Ratings agencies have retained their confidence in Kuwaiti banks. In a rating action announced on 18 June, Moody’s affirmed the long-term deposit ratings of eight Kuwaiti banks, reflecting their resilient credit profiles supported by strong capital, provisioning reserves and liquidity buffers.

    Under Moody’s central scenario – which assumes a prolonged disruption to the Strait of Hormuz through autumn and persistently high and volatile energy prices – the expected deterioration in operating conditions remains within the absorption capacity of these banks’ baseline credit assessments.

    Kuwait’s strong sovereign ratings and high level of system support provide additional comfort. Government financial assets are estimated at more than 475% of GDP, while the debt burden was around 19% of GDP as of March 2026 – factors that underpin the government’s capacity to support the banking system in the event of stress.

    Nor is Kuwait at particular risk of external funding outflows. According to S&P Global, Kuwait has a comfortable net external asset position that mitigates such risks.

    “Depositor confidence has remained stable. The banks continue to access international interbank markets,” says Al-Hammadi. “Their liquidity buffers will support their ability to continue lending and absorb any potential shock.”

    Regulatory response

    Regulatory supervision is another core strength. The CBK has a reputation for hands-on oversight of the banking sector. In March, it rolled out a stimulus package to encourage banks to lend as the Iran conflict buffeted the region. The measures included a temporary easing of macroprudential requirements, with the minimum liquidity coverage ratio and net stable funding ratio reduced from 100% to 80%. The minimum regulatory ratio was cut from 18% to 15%.

    These measures appear to have had the intended effect. According to NBK’s research arm, domestic credit growth picked up in May, rising by half a percentage point over the previous month to 6.7% in year-on-year terms. Signs of stronger business lending, with gains across services, trade and real estate, will have been particularly welcome.

    “Many Kuwaiti banks have concentrated their lending activity around the Kuwait economy,” says Al-Hammadi. “Overall GDP is under pressure given recent developments in the hydrocarbon sector. It’s still an oil-driven economy, but if you look at non-oil activity, it has continued to benefit from government investment.”

    Credit growth will be supported by improving economic sentiment, so long as deposit growth keeps pace. However, lending is unlikely to match previous years’ levels.

    “Our expectation is that lending growth will drop, given what is happening in the macroeconomic environment. Growth could be a bit slower compared to previous years,” says Al-Hammadi.

    The CBK has urged local banks to be flexible towards customers, although anecdotal evidence suggests greater caution, including tighter personal loan limits.

    Reforms, including the mortgage and housing law, provide an additional opportunity for Kuwaiti banks to support broader growth. The Real Estate Financing Law permits banks to offer supported loans under which the state covers interest payments via the Kuwait Credit Bank, while borrowers repay only the principal.

    Although hydrocarbon-sector growth will be negatively impacted by events in the Gulf this year, banks should be able to secure growth by focusing on the non-hydrocarbon economy.

    “We see growth driven by the non-oil economy and some of the project finance opportunities, which will benefit from the banking sector’s capital and liquidity position. It places the banks in the right place to grab this opportunity,” says Al-Hammadi.

    MEED’s September 2026 report on Kuwait also includes:

    > OIL & GAS: Regional war to have lasting impact on Kuwaiti oil sector
    > CONSTRUCTION: Kuwait construction holds up despite regional strife

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  • PDO floats tender for major flare gas monetisation scheme

    6 August 2026

     

    Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) has launched a major scheme to monetise gas flared across two of its largest hydrocarbon-producing zones in the sultanate. The initiative aligns with PDO’s commitment to achieve zero routine flaring and net-zero methane emissions by 2030, on the way to attaining full carbon neutrality by 2050.

    The scheme involves the monetisation of flare gas and gas associated with oil production in the Qarn Alam cluster and the Fahud field, both of which fall under PDO’s northern portfolio within its main hydrocarbon concession area, Block 6.

    The scope of the flare gas and associated gas monetisation scheme has been divided into two parts. Bundle A involves the offtake of associated gas from the Wadi Umayri oil field development, located in the Qarn Alam cluster. Bundle B relates to the monetisation of flare gas and natural gas liquids (NGLs) from the Fahud North Oman Crude Stabilisation (FNOCS) facility, located at the Fahud field.

    PDO issued the request for proposal document for the flare gas monetisation scheme on 21 July, inviting local and international developers to submit technical and commercial proposals by 25 August.

    Developers have the option of submitting proposals for the complete design, financing, construction, operation and maintenance of offtake or monetisation facilities for one or both bundles. PDO will evaluate proposals for each bundle separately and award contracts independently.

    PDO is the operator of Block 6, Oman’s largest and most prolific hydrocarbon concession. Situated onshore and covering an area of 75,119 square kilometres, Block 6 contains 202 oil fields and 43 gas fields, with PDO producing approximately 680,000 barrels a day (b/d) of oil and condensate from those fields.

    The Omani government holds a 60% stake in PDO through Energy Development Oman (EDO). The other shareholders are UK-based Shell (34%), France’s TotalEnergies (4%) and Thailand’s state-owned PTTEP (2%).

    Scope of Bundle A

    The Wadi Umayri field development, located within the Qarn Alam cluster, produces crude oil from the Lekhwair, Shuaiba and Sudair reservoirs. A permanent processing facility is planned to come onstream by the first quarter of 2030.

    As a by-product of oil production, the development will generate associated gas at an initial rate of approximately 60,000 to 68,000 standard cubic metres a day (cm/d), declining over field life.

    PDO will install a sweetening unit as part of its own scope to meet Oman’s regulatory requirement of all gas with sulphur dioxide (SO₂) concentrations above 0.035 g/m³ to be treated prior to any disposal.

    At the delivery point (battery limit flange), the gas made available to the future developer will consist of a blended stream from two sources: approximately 80% sweetened separator gas and 20% flashed gas recovered from atmospheric storage tanks. This blended gas composition forms the basis for downstream utilisation, processing, or disposal considerations under the development concept.

    The duration of the contract to be awarded by PDO to the developer is 10 years.

    The scope of work on Bundle A is split between PDO and the developer, and covers the following:

    PDO tie-in scope:

    • Tie-in works from the production separator and oil tank to the defined delivery point (flange at battery limit), including piping, metering and ESD/control valves.
    • Sweetening unit upstream of the delivery point to treat the main gas stream and meet regulatory SO₂ limits for any non-routine flaring events.
    • Allocate a designated plot plan adjacent to the permanent facility, at no cost to the developer.
    • The gas delivery point is defined as the flange at PDO’s battery limit of the Wadi Umayri permanent facility. Gas will be supplied as-is at approximately 1.00 bar, with PDO bearing no obligation to provide gas at higher pressure or low hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) concentration.

    Developer scope:

    • Design, build, maintain and operate the gas monetisation system outside PDO’s battery limit.
    • Provide all equipment, infrastructure, compression, conditioning and downstream handling from the delivery point onward.
    • Bear full capital expenditure (capex), operational expenditure (opex), leases, health, safety and environment (HSE), and regulatory responsibilities for all developer scope.
    • Self-generation of all required utilities, such as power, water and chemicals.
    • Handling, treatment and disposal of all product and by-product streams.
    Scope of Bundle B

    FNOCS is a centralised processing facility at the Fahud field. The facility processes associated hydrocarbons from producing fields in PDO’s northern portfolio, generating two primary streams: produced NGL stream at FNOCS is blended into the Main Oil Line (MOL), while the produced fuel gas is supplied to the Fahud power plant.

    The continued flaring of NGLs at FNOCS is an interim risk-mitigation measure and not a sustainable operating solution. To identify a viable long-term outlet for these volumes, and to meet PDO’s broader strategy to eliminate flaring and comply with its zero routine flaring commitment by 2030, the company is seeking third-party developers to monetise hydrocarbon streams currently being flared at FNOCS.

    PDO’s target is to secure an attractive commercial structure to stop flaring by offering two independently proposed operating options:

    Option 1 – Monetise the flare gas stream, upstream of main gas compressor: Take the currently flared gas, at an output rate of 90,000 standard cm/d, as-is in the current interim operating mode. Developer to design, build and operate a gas monetisation system outside PDO’s battery limit. This option has the highest zero routine flaring compliance impact and eliminates the need for re-operating the main gas compressor and its associated equipment.

    Option 2 – Monetise NGL + fuel gas: Restart the main gas compressor and stabiliser to separate NGL and fuel gas streams for sale. Vendor takes NGL (downstream of stabiliser), at a current rate of 106,000 standard cm/d and fuel gas (upstream of Fahud power plant), at a current rate of 44,000 standard cm/d, through a combined commercial structure.

    The duration of the contract to be awarded by PDO to the developer for Bundle B is five years, with the proposed facility to come onstream by the first quarter of 2029.

    The scope of work on Bundle B is also split between PDO and the developer, and covers the following:

    PDO tie-in scope:

    Approximately 200 metres of piping to FNOCS fence, including control/ESD/relief valves and a flowmeter.

    Allocate a designated plot plan approximately 4km from the existing FNOCS facility for the developer’s monetisation system.

    • The delivery point for option 1 is defined as the flange at FNOCS’s fence, upstream of the main gas compressor. The delivery points for option 2 are: (i) the NGL outlet downstream of the stabiliser, and (ii) the fuel gas outlet upstream of the Fahud power plant. Streams from both options will be supplied as-is at approximately 1.00 bar, with PDO bearing no obligation to provide gas at higher pressure or low H₂S concentration.

    Developer scope:

    • Design, build, maintain and operate the gas monetisation system outside PDO’s battery limit.
    • Provide all equipment, infrastructure, compression, conditioning and downstream handling from the delivery point onward.
    • Bear full capital expenditure (capex), operational expenditure (opex), leases, health, safety and environment (HSE), and regulatory responsibilities for all developer scope.
    • Self-generation of all required utilities, such as power, water,and chemicals.
    • Handling, treatment and disposal of all product and by-product streams.

    PDO has been striving to curb, and eventually end, flaring across its operations for several years, as part of its own targets, as well as in alignment with the environmental sustainability framework under Oman Vision 2040.

    In May last year, PDO initiated a flare gas recovery project at the Zulaiyah station in Hazar South in partnership with Hungary-based Enerhash, which aims to convert flare gas into a sustainable energy source through modular digital mining infrastructure.

    Enerhash’s technology powers containerised data centres directly with flare gas, offering a decentralised solution suitable for remote oil fields.

    The project is designed to avoid around 25,000 tonnes a year of carbon-dioxide-equivalent emissions, and builds on PDO’s earlier South AP flare recovery project, which sought vendors to recover gas from atmospheric dehydration tanks across sites such as Bahja, Rima, Amal, Marmul and Nimr.

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  • Sabic completes $450m divestment of thermoplastics business

    6 August 2026

    Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (Sabic) has completed a transaction to divest its engineering thermoplastics business in the Americas and Europe to German venture capital and private equity firm Mutares, for an enterprise value of $450m.

    Sabic’s Americas and Europe engineering thermoplastics business produces polycarbonate, polybutylene terephthalate and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resins and compounds, and operates manufacturing sites in Mt Vernon, Bay St Louis and Burkville in the US; Ottawa, Canada; Tampico, Mexico; Campinas, Brazil; Cartagena, Spain; and Bergen op Zoom, the Netherlands.

    The divestment process was initiated by Sabic in January this year and marks a significant milestone in the company’s broader portfolio optimisation programme.

    “The transaction supports Sabic’s continued focus on exiting structurally underperforming assets, reducing cash losses, improving return on capital employed and maximising long-term shareholder value,” the Saudi chemicals giant said.

    The divested business reported an operating loss of approximately $498m for full-year 2025, and approximately $173m for the first half of this year.

    On a pro forma basis, the carve-out of the engineering thermoplastics business improved Sabic’s earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation (Ebitda) margin by approximately 130-140 basis points, “reflecting the positive impact of the transaction on the company’s overall profitability and portfolio quality”.

    In addition to agreeing the sale of its engineering thermoplastics business in January, Sabic also began a process to divest its European petrochemicals business to Aequita for an estimated enterprise value of $500m.

    Aequita is a Munich-based venture capital and private equity firm.

    Sabic’s European petrochemicals business produces and markets ethylene, propylene, low- and high-density polyethylene, polypropylene and value-added polymer compounds, and operates manufacturing sites in Teesside, the UK; Geleen, the Netherlands; Gelsenkirchen, Germany; and Genk, Belgium.

    Q2 2026 financial results

    Sabic reported a net loss of $100m for the second quarter of 2026, which it attributed to the impact of the Iran-US regional conflict on its business.

    The company had only returned to profit in the first quarter, registering a net income of $3.52m, after posting a full-year 2025 loss of $6.87bn.

    The Saudi petrochemicals giant also said Q2 2026 revenue fell 5% year-on-year to $6.62bn.

    Sabic posted adjusted Ebitda of $900m for the three months to 30 June, a drop of 18% compared to the previous quarter.

    Adjusted earnings before interest and taxes in Q2 also fell by 72% quarter-on-quarter to $110m, while adjusted earnings per share stood at $0.03.

    Saudi Exchange-listed Sabic said its net debt position remained largely unchanged at $730m at the end of June, compared with $740m at the end of March.

    https://image.digitalinsightresearch.in/uploads/NewsArticle/18153251/main4445.jpg
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  • UAE leads Mena project pipeline recovery

    6 August 2026

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    The Middle East and North Africa’s construction project pipeline strengthened in June 2026, recovering some of the momentum lost earlier in the year as the effects of the Israel-Iran conflict continued to work through regional project markets.

    GlobalData’s Construction Projects Momentum Index (CPMI) for the Mena region rose to 0.84 in June, up 5% from 0.80 in May, leaving the region third globally behind South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The three-month moving average held at 0.95, unchanged from May.

    The recovery was led by execution-stage activity, where the score rose to 1.18 in June from 1.06 in May. Pre-execution momentum, however, continued to soften, falling to 0.68 from 0.73. The pre-execution stage captures project planning, design development and procurement preparation, and a sustained decline there can point to a thinning of the future pipeline even when near-term execution holds up.

    Infrastructure drove the sector-level gains, with momentum rising sharply to 1.03 in June from 0.25 in May, the largest increase among the region’s sectors. Industrial momentum rose to 0.78 from 0.40. Residential activity remained elevated at 1.17, easing only marginally from 1.22.

    The gains were partly offset by a steep pullback in institutional activity, where momentum fell to 0.45 in June from 1.72 in May, the largest decline of any sector. Commercial and leisure momentum eased to 0.88 from 1.13, and energy and utilities to 0.59 from 0.82.

    The UAE posted the region’s highest score in June at 1.52, up from 1.16 in May. Algeria rose to 1.26 from 0.68, and Kuwait recovered to 0.76 from 0.26. Egypt reached 1.36, Oman held at 0.87, Qatar rose to 0.86 and Iran eased to 0.81.

    Saudi Arabia was the main exception among the larger markets, with its score falling to 0.31 in June from 1.16 in May. GlobalData linked the decline to procurement disruption on renewable energy projects under the Public Investment Fund’s giga developments and to the Najran-Asir-Jizan direct road, which faced consecutive bidding delays and consortium withdrawals.

    Israel recovered to 0.65 in June from -1.66 in May, having recorded the region’s weakest scores through the earlier phase of the conflict.

    Whether the June recovery is sustained will depend on the direction of pre-execution activity, which continued to weaken even as execution-stage momentum firmed.

    READ THE AUGUST 2026 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDF

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  • Mubadala backs Moove in $250m funding round

    6 August 2026

    UAE-headquartered mobility company Moove has raised $250m in a Series C funding round led by Abu Dhabi’s Mubadala Investment Company, giving the company a valuation of $2.1bn.

    The round was co-led by Woven Capital, the growth fund of Japan’s Toyota, and by Ion Pacific. It also brought in BlueCrest Capital Management and Sona Capital, alongside existing backers including BlackRock, Japan’s MUFG, Franklin Templeton, Uber and the Ontario Power Generation Pension Plan.

    Moove said the funding will support the expansion of its autonomous vehicle business, including fleet ownership and what it terms robotics-first depot infrastructure, or “Nests”, where autonomous fleets are charged, serviced, maintained and orchestrated. The company said the funds will also support new market launches.

    The company expects to grow its autonomous vehicle workforce by more than 220% by the end of the year, increasing from about 150 employees to about 500.

    Founded in 2020 and headquartered in the UAE, Moove finances, owns and operates mobility assets for ride-hailing platforms. It employs 3,300 people and operates about 42,000 vehicles across 29 cities in 13 countries, and has grown to $420m in annual recurring revenue. It has expanded through organic growth and acquisitions, including Kovi in Brazil and Tokyo Taxi in Japan.

    Moove is the largest global fleet partner of ride-hailing company Uber. Through a partnership with Waymo, the autonomous driving unit of US technology group Alphabet, it operates autonomous vehicle fleets in Phoenix and Miami in the US, with operations also planned in London.

    Mubadala first invested in Moove three years ago. The Series C round marks its continued backing of the company as it moves into autonomous fleet operations.

    READ THE AUGUST 2026 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDF

    Saudi Arabia builds for the global stage; Rising uncertainty creates fresh set of challenges in the Maghreb; Gulf banks remain robust in the face of geopolitical tensions.

    Distributed to senior decision-makers in the region and around the world, the August 2026 edition of MEED Business Review includes:

    > MARKET FOCUS: Maghreb fortunes diverge
    To see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click here
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