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Maghreb economies battle trading headwinds

8 July 2025

 

Investors in Morocco’s stock market are enjoying a strong bull run. In the first six months of this year, the Moroccan All Shares Index gained 24%, following a 22% rise last year. It hit a record close of 18,690 points in early June this year and, after a brief dip, was growing strongly again in early July, threatening to break through the 19,000-point barrier for the first time.

A combination of low interest rates and strong performances from local companies is helping to boost the market. There is also optimism sparked by the country’s role as a co-host of the 2030 football World Cup (alongside Spain and Portugal) and all the infrastructure spending that will flow from that.

The country’s relative economic strength is also reflected in project activity. Of the 749 projects currently planned or under way across the Maghreb region, 322 are in Morocco, according to data from MEED Projects. The leading sectors are power and water, transport and construction.

There are, though, reasons for caution. While Morocco’s stock market traders may have been doing well, all the Maghreb economies are facing some tricky international trading conditions, which could become more severe in the coming months and years.

Of the 749 projects currently planned or under way across the Maghreb region, 322 are in Morocco, according to data from MEED Projects

Global headwinds

Weak economic conditions in Europe, the region’s most important trading partner, pose a particular threat. Key markets, such as France, Germany and Italy, are experiencing anaemic growth rates, which could lead to softer demand for the Maghreb region’s exports, as well as weaker tourism and investment flows across the Mediterranean.

The imposition of tariffs by US President Donald Trump is also having a negative impact. However, the chaotic way in which the policy is being enacted means it is unclear just how much pain the duties might ultimately cause. Algeria, Libya and Tunisia look set to be worst affected, with tariff rates of 28-31% on their exports to the US, compared to 10% for Morocco.

The region’s direct trade with the US is relatively limited, but if higher tariffs dent global demand, that could have a larger impact on more export-oriented economies such as Morocco and Tunisia.

Oil market trends are likely to add to the pressure on Algeria and Libya this year, as producers continue to ramp up output. On 5 July, the eight Opec+ countries – which include Algeria, Saudi Arabia and the UAE – agreed to produce an additional 548,000 b/d from August. That will put further downward pressure on oil prices.

“A sharp drop in activity in emerging markets will be a negative for global oil demand for the rest of 2025 and into 2026,” said Edward Bell, chief economist of the Dubai-based bank Emirates NBD on 7 July. “Just the fear of policy uncertainty will be enough to limit investment.”

Other issues are also hard for the Maghreb countries to control. For example, the frequent droughts of recent years have dented agricultural activity and exports.

Among other challenges, most governments are running budget deficits and are struggling to create enough jobs for their growing populations. Unemployment in Morocco remains at around 13%, according to the IMF. It is in double figures in neighbouring countries too, according to the International Labour Organisation; Libya’s unemployment rate is probably nearer 20%.

Inward FDI into Algeria rose by 18% last year to reach $1.4bn, while in Tunisia it was up 21% to $936m and in Morocco it increased 55% to $1.6bn

Rising resilience

The Maghreb region is nevertheless showing signs of resilience, despite the various negative pressures. Inflation has been easing back in most countries in recent years and foreign direct investment (FDI) has been growing strongly.

According to the latest Unctad World Investment Report, inward FDI into Algeria rose by 18% last year to reach $1.4bn, while in Tunisia it was up 21% to $936m and in Morocco it increased 55% to $1.6bn.

A few industries are attracting some large investment deals, with Gulf money often to the fore. The UAE, for example, is helping to finance a 7,000-kilometre, $25bn gas pipeline from Nigeria to Morocco. A consortium of the UAE-based Masdar, Egypt’s Infinity and Germany’s Conjuncta is also backing a $34bn green hydrogen project in neighbouring Mauritania.

More recently, albeit on a far smaller scale, the Saudi Fund for Development signed a $38m loan agreement on 27 June this year to set up the Oasis Hub Project in southern Tunisia, which includes rural housing, infrastructure and agriculture schemes.

Some big projects have come unstuck, though. A plan by UK-based Xlinks to export power from Morocco to the UK via a 4,000km subsea cable has lost the support of the London government. On 26 June, junior energy minister Michael Shanks told the UK parliament it had decided the project was “not in the UK national interest at this time”.

There was disappointment in Morocco at the turn of events. In the short term, however, economic growth this year is expected to be a healthy 3.9% in Morocco and 3.5% in Algeria – equal to or better than last year, according to IMF data. Mauritania is expected to grow by 4.4%, which is less than in recent years, but still ahead of its neighbours.  

Tunisia is expected to lag behind, at just 1.4%, as the country’s authoritarian leadership struggles to come up with a viable economic model. A draft of the 2026-30 development plan has been promised before the end of the year by the Ministry of Economy and Planning secretary-general, Faouzi Ghrab. Libya’s outlook depends on domestic political factors that look as far from resolution as ever.

Morocco, meanwhile, is intent on solidifying its position as a regional industrial and financial hub, with its thriving stock market serving as an important lever. It is still ranked as a frontier market by index company MSCI, but is hoping for promotion to emerging market status.

The launch of derivatives trading in May is part of efforts to attract more liquidity and secure that higher ranking. Some simpler reforms might also be useful – MSCI pointed out in a June report that stock market information was not always readily available in English, which hindered its accessibility.

Yet, if the market continues to grow as rapidly as it has recently, investors are likely to find a way to address such shortcomings.

Slow year for Maghreb power and water awards

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Dominic Dudley

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    Morocco was effectively confirmed as a host nation for the 2030 Fifa World Cup – alongside Spain and Portugal – in October 2023, after the trio emerged as the sole bidders for the event. The official selection was announced in December of the same year.

    To prepare for the tournament, the Moroccan government quickly drafted plans to upgrade nationwide infrastructure, including airports, roads and the railway network.

    Following the award of multimillion-dollar civil works contracts for the Kenitra-Marrakech high-speed railway network last year, Morocco’s minister of transport and logistics unveiled a MD96bn ($9.5bn) investment plan earlier this year to transform the country’s rail infrastructure by 2030.

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    Stadium upgrades

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    With construction and transport projects worth over $17bn currently in the pipeline, Morocco is expected to invest tens of billions of dollars in the near term to ensure the necessary infrastructure is in place for the 2030 Fifa World Cup.

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    MEED’s August 2025 report on the Maghreb also includes:

    > ECONOMY: Maghreb economies battle trading headwinds
    > POWER & WATER: Slow year for Maghreb power and water awards

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    8 July 2025

     

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    According to MEED Projects data, roughly $3.3bn-worth of power projects are under way or planned in Jordan, with generation facilities accounting for 59% of the total.

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    The Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA) has awarded a contract to build a new data centre in the Salboukh area north of Riyadh.

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    MEED understands that the tender notice was first issued in August last year. The bids were submitted on 31 October.

    The planned data centre facility is expected to have an overall IT load capacity of 20MW.

    The project is anticipated to cost $140m-$150m.

    Saudi Arabia is experiencing an increase in data centre project activity as the government and private enterprises prepare to meet the demand arising from artificial intelligence (AI) applications.

    The SDAIA is leading the kingdom’s drive to become a major AI player by attracting AI-related investments into the country and fostering an AI startup ecosystem.

    The SDAIA’s research unit, the National Centre for AI, has developed a 7 billion-parameter large language model, known as Allam, which is designed to be an enabler of government services.

    Major Saudi enterprises, including Saudi Aramco, are also developing AI applications to boost the efficiency and productivity of their assets and employees.

    Evolving data sovereignty laws, which require personal and customer data to be stored within servers located in the kingdom, are further driving data centre construction activity.

    READ THE JULY 2025 MEED BUSINESS REVIEW – click here to view PDF

    UAE and Turkiye expand business links; Renewed hope lies on the horizon for trouble-beset Levant region; Gulf real estate momentum continues even as concerns emerge

    Distributed to senior decision-makers in the region and around the world, the July 2025 edition of MEED Business Review includes:

    > PROJECTS MARKET: GCC projects market collapses
    > GULF PROJECTS INDEX: Gulf projects index continues climb
    To see previous issues of MEED Business Review, please click here
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    Yasir Iqbal