Is this the end for Middle East studies?

2 April 2025

Commentary
Edmund O’Sullivan
Former editor of MEED

The arrest and proposed deportation of Columbia University student Mahmoud Khalil and sanctions against others involved in Gaza conflict protests at the Ivy League college in 2024 are a disaster for those involved. Whether or not deserved – the conversation still rages among political pundits – the crackdown’s wider implications for academic freedom continue to resound.

On 14 March, the White House ordered the university to tighten disciplinary and admissions procedures and end the independence of its Middle Eastern, South Asian and African Studies department or risk losing federal financial support. 

It is a reminder of how much private US universities still depend on government money.

There are further threats to higher education’s financing from private donors, both in relation to the student protests and fresh scrutiny being directed towards the statements, lectures and published works of academic staff on Middle Eastern topics.

US state universities, which largely depend on public finance, are under the same pressure. And similar patterns can be seen in Canada and in the UK, where a Bristol University academic was sacked in 2021 following complaints about his stance against Zionism. Middle East specialists at universities worldwide are increasingly cautious about what they write and say.

And this is not only about contemporary matters. Anyone teaching Middle East history is obliged to cover the events leading to the 1917 Balfour Declaration and its ramifications. This could be tackled in the past provided that care was taken to ensure all versions of the event were covered. But that may now be impossible. Only one narrative is becoming acceptable.

Uncertain future

This may be a short-term storm that will eventually blow over, although that is unlikely. The war to control the Middle East narrative triggered by the 7 October 2023 attacks on Israel could even intensify if the fighting continues.

Balanced reporting on developments in the region is difficult to locate. Those seeking alternative perspectives are being driven towards the fringes of the media, though that too is under siege via online management and censorship.

All this raises profound questions. Is there any point attempting Middle East studies when it is impossible to talk about contentious moments in the region’s recent past without the threat of sanctions that could be career-ending?

Unless this issue is addressed, the discipline may lose its purpose in shedding light on recent events. Among the many victims of a new era of destruction, the demise of free-thinking Middle East faculties is one that we may in due course have the most reason to lament.


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More from Edmund O’Sullivan:

Trump’s foreign policy shakes global relations
Between the extremes as spring approaches
A leap into the unknown
Middle East faces a reckoning
Biden leaves a mixed legacy
Desperate days drag on
The beginning of the end
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US foreign policy approach remains adrift


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Edmund O’Sullivan
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    Region’s hotel projects pipeline balloons


    Main image: High-end beachfront resorts such as Red Sea Global’s Shebara will be vital in achieving Saudi Arabia’s tourism targets. Credit: Red Sea Global – Shebara

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    The total pipeline value reflects the overall values of projects that are either entirely tunnels or that have tunnels as an integral part of the work. The project pipeline includes tunnelling works across a range of sectors, including road and railway development, as well as water and sewerage.

    The pipeline of tunnel construction projects around the world currently stands at $1.3tn

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    > Western Europe

    Western Europe has a tunnel construction project pipeline valued at $329.5bn, with Switzerland leading with $60.6bn of projects, follwed by Germany with $56.8bn. Notable projects include the Turin-Lyon tunnel and the Genoa underwater tunnel. Projects in pre-execution and execution stages total $222.8bn, with the highest-value project being Zurich’s $38.8bn CST (underground cargo) Freight Metro Tunnel.

    Northeast Asia

    Northeast Asia’s tunnel construction pipeline is valued at $327.7bn, with China contributing $220.3bn, including the $42.4bn Dalian-Yantai undersea railway tunnel. Japan has projects worth $101.3bn, primarily the $65.2bn Tokyo to Nagoya Maglev Railway Line. Most projects are in later development stages, totalling $198.3bn, or 69.8% of the pipeline.

    Australasia

    Australasia’s tunnel construction pipeline totals $150.1bn, with Australia holding $112.9bn, about 75% of the region’s value. The largest project is the $87bn Melbourne Suburban Rail Loop, a 90km rail loop with 13 stations. Construction on six stations began in 2022, with the entire project expected to finish by 2050, though rising costs and labour shortages may affect this.

    North America

    North America’s tunnel projects are valued at $92.4bn, with $63.6bn in pre-execution and execution stages. The pipeline includes 921.8km of tunnels, primarily in the US. Railway tunnels are the largest segment at $40.7bn, with the Hudson River Rail Tunnel being the highest-value project at $16bn.

    Southeast Asia

    Southeast Asia’s tunnel pipeline is valued at $91.3bn, with $55.1bn under construction. Singapore leads with $45.2bn, mainly from rail tunnel projects. The Land Transport Authority awarded a $199m contract for tunnels connecting MRT stations as part of the Cross Island Line’s second phase.

    Eastern Europe

    Eastern Europe’s pipeline is valued at $56.3bn, with $46.9bn in pre-execution and execution stages. Major contributors include Turkiye, Czechia and Romania, which has the largest share at $16.3bn. The $9bn Bucharest Metro Line 5 is a key project expected to complete by 2033, with spending projected to rise in the coming years.

    South Asia

    South Asia’s tunnel construction pipeline is valued at $47.9bn, with India contributing $31.9bn, primarily from road tunnels. A notable project is the $1.3bn Thane to Borivali underground tunnel. The pipeline includes 2,043.7km of developments, with spending expected to reach $1.8bn in 2024.

    Latin America

    Latin America has a growing tunnel construction pipeline valued at $30.3bn, with $28.7bn in later development stages. The region includes 276.2km of projects, with Colombia leading at 92.1km. The highest-value project is the $9.6bn Bogota Metro, which began construction in early 2021.

    Sub-Saharan Africa

    Sub-Saharan Africa’s tunnel construction pipeline is valued at $6.7bn, with 63.7% in pre-execution and execution stages. The pipeline includes 1,580km of projects, primarily in Tanzania, Ethiopia and Kenya. Spending may reach $685.4m in 2025, but investment constraints may limit new projects.

    In conclusion, while the global tunnel construction industry faces challenges due to muted spending, high construction material prices and geopolitical uncertainties, significant infrastructure investment initiatives in countries like China, the US and India are expected to continue driving new investment.

    Traffic drives construction underground 

     

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    Colin Foreman